Arch Iran Med
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We present a case of renal stone associated with bilateral pelvic diverticula. The initial diagnosis by ultrasonography and plain abdomen radiography (KUB) was urolithiasis with a 15-mm calculus in the right renal pelvis. ⋯ So, further evaluations were performed by using repeated ultrasonography, intravenous urography, and computerized tomography, which revealed the presence of diverticula in both right and left renal pelvises with stone fragments within the right sided diverticulum. We concluded that intravenous urography and contrast-enhanced computerized tomography are essential for confirmation of diagnosis when ultrasonographic findings suggest the presence of renal cystic lesions, or when stone fragments are not yielded after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and adolescence. The etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not well understood. Neurochemical studies suggest, alterations in catecholaminergic, mainly dopaminergic and noradrenergic, transmitter functions markedly contribute to the symptoms of this disorder. ⋯ About 30% of children and adolescents with this disorder may not respond to stimulants or may be unable to tolerate potential adverse events such as decreased appetite, mood lability and sleep disturbances. Although stimulants do not increase the risk for later substance abuse in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, concerns have been raised about special prescription rules and a potential for abuse by persons other than the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects. This review focuses on etiology, assessment, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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Most deaf and severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss patients are incapable to communicate well because of a lack of receiving sound signals. Cochlear implant is one of the effective measures, which has been of great help to the deaf. Up to now, more than 1000 cochlear implants have been accomplished successfully in Iran. Since cochlear implantation is faced with numerous problems and difficulties, we should establish other methods for sound communication. Tactile aids can be a very effective help regarding this issue. ⋯ The results of our study show that tactile aids are well accepted by the patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who do not benefit from usual hearing aids.
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Seizures are common in children and 5% of all medical attendances to accident and emergency departments are related to seizures. The role of emergent neuroimaging for those children with first afebrile seizure is, however, not well-defined. We reviewed medical charts of 125 children who were admitted with a new-onset afebrile seizure to the Pediatric Ward of Rasool Akram Hospital and underwent CT scan or MRI of the brain. ⋯ In 90% (107/119) of them, the result was normal. There was a significant relationship between abnormal neuroimaging and focal seizure (P < 0.001), and with age under 2 years (P < 0.002). Therefore, it is recommended that CT scan or MRI to be performed in children with first afebrile seizure who present with focal seizures, abnormal neurologic findings, or age under 2 years.