Der Nervenarzt
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive rapidly progressing degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. Clinically, ALS is characterized by rapidly progressing atrophy and paresis of the muscles of the extremities. ⋯ There are other quantitatively less relevant genes, which, however, are meaningful for pathogenetic aspects. It is also necessary to know that the phenotypes associated with ALS genetics have expanded.
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The ABC schizophrenia study conducted by the same team over 25 years initially aimed at illuminating the onset, prodromal stage and sex differences in age at first hospitalization in schizophrenia. New hypotheses were systematically generated from the results achieved. ⋯ Before the onset of psychotic symptoms the prodromal stages of schizophrenia and severe and moderately severe depression are difficult to distinguish. The most frequent symptom in the course of schizophrenia, depressed mood, also represents the most frequent initial symptom in both disorders. Prodromal depression is a predictor of more depressive and positive symptoms in the first episode but not in the further course of the illness. Psychosis incidence for men, diagnosed according to ICD 9 (295, 297, 298.3/4), shows a pronounced peak at age 15-24 years, for women a lower peak at age 15-29 years and a second, still lower peak at the menopausal age of 45-49 years. The explanation, confirmed in animal experiments, lies in a protective effect of estrogen due to reduced D2 receptor sensitivity. The effect is antagonized by an elevated genetic risk. Functional and social impairment emerge even at the prodromal stage and the severity depends on sex and social status. Young men with schizophrenia show a less favorable social course because of the earlier age of onset and socially adverse illness behavior. Late onset is associated with a milder, primarily paranoid symptomatology and less severe social impairment. Schizophrenia is a disorder of all ages showing roughly equal life time incidence rates for men and women but considerable difference in certain periods of age. The symptom dimensions show a plateau-like course 2-5 years after the first episode. Hidden behind this picture are irregular symptom exacerbations which vary in duration. Schizophrenia conveys the picture of recurrent vulnerability to crisis and not of a stable residual state of disordered brain development or of a progressive neurodegenerative process.
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Observational Study
[Application of a sponaneous ventilation protocol. Experiences from a weaning center for neurological diseases].
The aim of this study was to investigate a novel standardized protocol in this neurological weaning unit in order to optimize the weaning process for patients subjected to prolonged mechanical ventilation. Of primary interest were the frequency of and reasons for deviating from the protocol as well as risk factors for weaning failure and mortality. ⋯ The majority of patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation can be successfully weaned using a standardized protocol. Failures of standardized weaning per protocol occurred most often in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and following longer inpatient stay. These patients also had a higher risk of final weaning failure.