Brit J Hosp Med
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Trousseau syndrome is a cancer-associated hypercoagulative state leading to venous or arterial thromboembolic events. Cerebral infarction is the most common result of arterial embolism and the pathogenesis is complicated, mainly associated with hypercoagulation and non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. ⋯ Elevated plasma levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen degradation products may be seen in these patients. There are high rates of short-term recurrence of stroke and sudden death, highlighting the need for early recognition and appropriate treatment of Trousseau syndrome-associated cerebral infarction.
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Granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the breast affecting women of child-bearing age. The disease is characterised by chronic and relapsing inflammation, resulting in scarring and discharging sinuses. Granulomatous mastitis is considered to be idiopathic and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. ⋯ Various treatment regimens are described, with high relapse rates relating to the nature of the condition. Watchful waiting is appropriate for mild presentations and steroids are the mainstay of treatment for more severe cases. This article reviews the emerging evidence on granulomatous mastitis and describes an updated approach to management.
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Haematuria is a common finding in children and can be macroscopic or microscopic. In contrast to adults, haematuria in children very rarely indicates an underlying malignant pathology. ⋯ It is useful to distinguish between nephrological or upper urinary tract and lower urinary tract pathologies, as this will guide investigations and referral. This review discusses the causes of haematuria in the paediatric population.