Clin Med
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The management of patients with hypercalcaemia should be informed by the patient's symptoms and signs, by the degree of elevation of calcium, by the underlying mechanism by which calcium has been elevated and by the disease process underlying the presentation. Regardless of diagnosis, all significantly hypercalcaemic patients should be rendered euvolaemic before any further and more specific treatment is considered. Highly symptomatic patients and those with a calcium level of > 3.5 mmol represent a medical emergency that requires inpatient treatment.
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Up to 5% of young adults diagnosed with diabetes have a monogenic aetiology, the most common of which is maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). A definitive molecular diagnosis is important, as this affects treatment, prognosis and family screening. ⋯ This article aims to introduce general physicians to the characteristics of monogenic diabetes and the clinical features that can be used to diagnose patients. Recently, genomewide association studies have resulted in the identification of C-reactive protein and glycan profile as specific biomarkers for the most common MODY subtype due to HNF1A mutations, and the potential translation of these findings are discussed.