Cochrane Db Syst Rev
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Approximately 30 per cent of people over 65 years of age and living in the community fall each year; the number is higher in institutions. Although less than one fall in 10 results in a fracture, a fifth of fall incidents require medical attention. ⋯ Interventions to prevent falls that are likely to be effective are now available; less is known about their effectiveness in preventing fall-related injuries. Costs per fall prevented have been established for four of the interventions and careful economic modelling in the context of the local healthcare system is important. Some potential interventions are of unknown effectiveness and further research is indicated.
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Monitoring with pulse oximetry might improve patient outcome by enabling an early diagnosis and consequently, correction of perioperative events that might cause postoperative complications or even death. Only a few randomised clinical trials of pulse oximetry have been performed during anaesthesia and in the recovery room which describe perioperative hypoxaemic events, postoperative cardiopulmonary complications and cognitive dysfunction. ⋯ The studies confirmed that pulse oximetry can detect hypoxaemia and related events. However, we have found no evidence that pulse oximetry affects the outcome of anaesthesia. The conflicting subjective and objective results of the studies, despite an intense, methodical collection of data from a relatively large population, indicates that the value of perioperative monitoring with pulse oximetry is questionable in relation to improved reliable outcomes, effectiveness and efficiency.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2001
ReviewIntravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or subsequently proven infection in neonates.
Congenital and nosocomial infections are important causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Maternal transport of immunoglobulins to the fetus mainly occurs after 32 weeks gestation and endogenous synthesis does not begin until several months after birth. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin provides IgG that can bind to cell surface receptors, provide opsonic activity, activate complement, promote antibody dependent cytotoxicity, and improve neutrophilic chemo luminescence. Theoretically infectious morbidity and morbidity could be reduced by the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. ⋯ There is insufficient evidence to support the routine administration of IVIG preparations investigated to date to prevent mortality in infants with suspected or subsequently proved neonatal infection. Researchers should be encouraged to undertake well-designed trials to confirm or refute the effectiveness of IVIG to reduce adverse outcomes in neonates with suspected infection.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2001
Review Comparative StudyNasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation.
Previous randomised trials and meta-analyses have shown nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) to be a useful method of respiratory support after extubation. However, infants managed in this way sometimes "fail" and require endotracheal reintubation with its attendant risks and expense. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is a method of augmenting NCPAP by delivering ventilator breaths via the nasal prongs. Older children and adults with chronic respiratory failure have been shown to benefit from NIPPV and the technique has been applied to neonates. However severe side effects including gastric perforation have been reported and clinicians remain uncertain about the role of NIPPV in neonatology. It has recently become possible to synchronise delivery of NIPPV with the infant's own breathing efforts which may make the modality more useful in this patient group. ⋯ Future trials should enrol sufficient infants to detect differences in important outcomes such as chronic lung disease and gastrointestinal perforation. The impact of synchronisation of NIPPV on the technique's safety and efficacy should be established in future trials.
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Cochrane Db Syst Rev · Jan 2001
ReviewCarbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide cause a mild metabolic acidosis and may stimulate breathing. Some patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develop chronic hypercapnic ventilatory failure. In theory, they may benefit from use of these drugs with a fall in arterial carbon dioxide level (PCO2) and a rise in arterial oxygen (PO2). ⋯ Acetazolamide can produce a small increase in arterial PO2 and fall in PCO2. These conclusions are drawn from a few small short studies that were not all of high quality. It is not known whether this physiological improvement is associated with clinical benefit.