Med Klin
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Through the introduction of new techniques, bronchoscopy, a standard tool for years, has made great strides within the last years. With the introduction of endobronchial ultrasound, staging can be improved considerably in patients with lung carcinoma, thereby also leading to a better estimate of the patient's prognosis. ⋯ Also in the therapy of lung emphysema, an endoscopic technique is now available as a further treatment option. There is a good chance that broader possibilities and fields of application of bronchoscopy will emerge.
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Lung imaging is traditionally done using X-ray-based methods, since MRI is limited by low proton density as well as inherent magnetic field inhomogeneities of the lung tissue. After introduction of MRI using hyperpolarized noble gases, a totally new field of MRI of the chest has rapidly evolved. ⋯ The clinical potential is afterwards demonstrated in the second part. Therefore, the effort in normal lungs and the mainly focused diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoker's lung, cystic fibrosis, asthma, lung transplantation, and pulmonary embolism are reported.
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Acute bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment it continues to have a high case-fatality rate and high rates of long-term neurologic sequelae. ⋯ Empiric antibiotic therapy should be initiated before cranial computed tomography. Adjuvant dexamethasone therapy initiated with or prior to the antibiotic therapy reduces mortality and morbidity for patients with pneumococcal meningitis without increasing the rate of side effects.