Presse Med
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ACUTE EPISODES: Patients who experience acute episodes of migraine headache can be treated with non-specific antalgics, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or specific agents, ergot derivatives, triptans. The rationale for specific treatment results from recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine. Triptans are serotoninergic agonists.
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ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK: Measurement of the intima-media thickness in the carotid artery is optimized by coupling high-resolution ultrasonography with automatic data processing systems, allowing improved precision. Although the optimal site of measurement remains controversial (common carotid, bifurcation, internal carotid), there appears to be a consensus on need for bilateral automatic measurement. ⋯ This parameter probably integrates the deleterious effect of different cardiovascular risk factors accumulated over decades. In addition, several prospective observation studies have reported a positive relationship between measurement of the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and risk of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction and stroke).
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Strategy for management of patients displaying hyperlipidemia has changed since the the first statin has been launched in France more than ten years ago. Following the first primary and secondary prevention studies conducted with hyperlipidemic subjects, results have been extended to patients with cholesterol levels within normal range both in primary (AFCAPS/TexCAPS) and secondary (CARE) prevention. Drug therapy has been simplified with targets tailored to the patient's risk. ⋯ Despite these important results from intervention studies with statins, other crucial questions remain. Among these questions the first one concerns the possibility that cardiovascular benefits demonstrated with statins are also partly due to other (pleiotropic) effects. This was first hypothesised when statins were proven to be efficacious after short term treatments (one year in the regression studies). The second question is whether we can extend the benefit observed in populations included in published trials to primary prevention of stroke and to the groups less well represented in previous trials including women, elderly patients. The current trends and economic strains of every health care systems have focused on evidence-based medicine and cost-efficacy studies. ROLE OF TRIGLYCERIDES: Beyond LDL-cholesterol there is clear emergence of a role of triglyceride in cardiovascular disease as well as new data on pathophysiology of the so-called reverse cholesterol transport. Recent trials including patients with hypertriglyceridemia as well as a decline of the benefit observed in hypertriglyceridemic patients strongly suggest that the use of statins may have its own limitation. IMPORTANCE OF DIET: Finally, translating results of recent trials in clinical practice remains a challenge for treating physicians who face poor compliance and difficulties in implementing diet in patients.
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To study the availability of antidotes in French emergency medical aid units (SAMU). ⋯ There is a great disparity of antidote availability. Certain essential antidotes, for which there is no alternative, are not available in emergency intervention vehicles and even in the hospital. The SAMU should develop an economically acceptable departmental management scheme for exceptional-use antidotes.
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IMPROVED DRUG DELIVERY: Spacer devices improve the pulmonary deposition of drugs delivered from pressurized metered-dose inhalers because they decrease the diameter of the aerosol particles. Spacer devices are the best delivery system of inhaled drugs in children younger than 8 years.