Singap Med J
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Computed tomography (CT) has been recognised as the most widely used imaging technique in both adults and children, owing to technological developments, especially with the recent innovations in multislice CT. This has resulted in an increase in the use of CT examinations in children younger than 15 years of age in developed countries. The increasing use of paediatric CT in clinical practice has raised concerns regarding the potential risk of radiation-induced malignancy. ⋯ Children are more sensitive to radiation exposure than adults and have a longer time ahead of them to manifest radiation-induced effects and injuries. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to reduce or minimise the radiation dose to children when choosing CT as the major imaging modality for diagnostic purposes. This article reviews the clinical applications of paediatric CT with regard to the adjustment of imaging protocols in routine clinical practice and in the emergency department, the justification of CT use in paediatric imaging, clinical awareness of CT-associated radiation risk and strategies to minimise radiation exposure to children.
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Case Reports
Low-dose spinal anaesthesia for a parturient with Takayasu's arteritis undergoing emergency caesarean section.
Takayasu's arteritis is a rare form of nonspecific obliterative panarteritis of unknown aetiology. Anaesthesia for patients with Takayasu's arteritis is complicated by severe uncontrolled hypertension leading to end-organ dysfunction, stenosis of major blood vessels affecting regional circulation, and difficulties in the monitoring of arterial blood pressure. ⋯ There are few instances in the literature where low-dose spinal anaesthesia alone is used in patients with Takayasu's arteritis undergoing emergency caesarean section. We present a case of the successful management of a parturient with Takayasu's arteritis, who underwent an emergency caesarean section under low-dose spinal anaesthesia.
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The management of Influenza A (H1N1) patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an emerging challenge, especially during the 2009 pandemic. These patients frequently require advanced mechanical ventilation (MV) and on occasion, rescue therapy. We describe the demographics, presentation, course and outcomes of the first 12 H1N1 patients with ARDS who were admitted to our institution. ⋯ Unlike patients of seasonal influenza, our severe H1N1 patients were of a younger age. A significant proportion had no underlying risk factors. Despite high ventilatory requirements, unconventional MV and adjunct therapy, the mortality rate remained high.
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Acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning continues to be a major public health concern in many developing countries. This study was designed to evaluate the data on cases of acute PQ poisoning and compare the different variables between survivors and non-survivors. ⋯ A large amount of ingested PQ, vomiting and age may be important variables to consider in association with the high fatality rate of PQ poisoning.