J Psychosoc Nurs Men
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Because of the increased incidence of chronic disease and other health problems associated with aging, chronic pain is a common companion for the elderly. Pain is of great clinical importance, often associated with disability, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life. ⋯ Depression is one of these influential variables. Increased understanding of the role of depression in the etiology and maintenance of chronic pain can improve assessment and intervention for the elderly with chronic pain complaints.
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1. Research shows that many emergency workers are affected physically and emotionally by critical incident stress. 2. Debriefings conducted by trained team members are an effective method to mitigate the impact of critical incident stress. ⋯ Cooperation among community agencies is essential for the development and effective functioning of a critical incident stress debriefing team. 4. Several teams in Illinois have organized to form a Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Network. The Illinois network is part of an international organization composed of critical incident stress debriefing providers.
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1. Empathy has been a consistent topic in nursing literature. ⋯ The study of empathy in nursing has been hampered by a lack of theoretical and methodological clarity, a factor that has contributed to the inexplicable findings in empathy studies. 3. The recognition of two distinct types--basic empathy, a human developmental trait, and trained empathy, a clinical skill state--is set forth as a possible solution to methodological problems.