Rozhledy v chirurgii : měsíčník Československé chirurgické společnosti
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Endoscopic invasive procedures in 70th and 80th years leaded to decrease reoperations on biliary tree. Iatrogenic injury of the biliary tract have increased in incidence in the first decade with the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Athough a number of factors have been identified with a high risk of injury ( and number of technical steps have been emphasized to avoid these injury, the incidence of the bile duct injury has reached at least double the rate observed with open cholecystectomy. Cholecystectomy is most frequently performed abdominal operation and the most serious complication associated with this procedure is accidental injury to the common bile duct (0.3-0.4%). This preventable technical error has tradicionally been thought to occur in one or more of three situations: 1. When the operator attempts to clip or ligate a bleeding cystic artery and also clips the common hepatic duct (Fig. 3a). 2. When too much traction has been exerted on the gallbladder so that the common bile duct has tented up into an albow, which was either tied off with ligature or clipped (Fig. 3b). 3. When anatomic anomalies were not recognized and the wrong structure is divided, for example, when the cystic duct winds anterior to the common bile duct and enters on the left side, or when the cystic duct joins the right hepatic duct rather than the junction of the common hepatic and the common bile ducts (Fig. 1, 2, 3cd). In anatomical incertain cases is discussed about cholangiography and cholecystocholangiography during laparoscopy cholecystectomy. Most patients sustained a bile duct injury are recognized in the weeks folloving laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Careful preoperative preparation should include control of sepsis by draining any bile collections or fistulas and komplete cholangiography. Long-term results are best achieved in specialized hepatobiliary centres performing biliary reconstruction with a Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Success rates over 90% have been reported from several centres to date with intermediate follow-up. Papila injury increased with introduction of a invasive endoscopy. Risk of deadly retroperitoneal inflamation is very high. Injury require same surgery procedure as duodenum injury. ⋯ Better experiences with treatment of injured biliary tree and papila are in centres interested in hepatobilliary surgery which knowledge anatomy of hilus of liver and can make wide hepaticojejunostomy. Transfer of drained injured patient to centre is possible.
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Introduction of endoscopic invasive procedures in the 70th and 80th years leaded to decrease reoperations on biliary tree. latrogenic injury of the biliary tract have increased in incidence in the first decade with the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Athough a number of factors have been identified with a high risk of injury (and number of technical steps have been emphasized to avoid these injury, the incidence of the bile duct injury has reached at least double the rate observed with open cholecystectomy. Most patients that sustained a bile duct injury are recognized in the weeks following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Careful preoperative preparation should include control of sepsis by draining any bile collections or fistulas and complete cholangiography. Long-term results are best achieved in specialized hepatobiliary centers performing biliary reconstruction with a Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Success rates over 90% have been reported from several centres to date with intermediate follow-up. Introduction of an invasive endoscopy. Very dangerous is injury after endoscopic papilotomy. ⋯ Better experiences with treatment of injured biliary tree and papila are in centres interested in hepatobiliary surgery which know anatomy of hilus of the liver and can see wide hepaticojejunostomy. Transfer of drained injured patient to centre is possible.
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The term "complex pelvic fractures" is reserved for pelvic ring fractures associated with soft tissue injuries in the pelvic region and with haemodynamic instability of the patient. These fractures represent only 10% of all pelvic fractures; however, the morality rate exceeds 33%. This study describes the algorithm of the urgent treatment of serious pelvic ring injuries. ⋯ Complex pelvic ring fractures require the aggressive approach. The basic reanimation procedures include application of the pelvic clip. This is the only way how to control extensive haemorrhage associated with the pelvic ring fractures and how to improve patient's haemodynamic conditions. The final surgical treatment of the pelvis fractures should be completed early after the injury. This is within the competence of specialized centres.
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Hemiarthroplasty has still its place in the therapeutic algorithm of the treatment of dislocated intracapsular femoral neck fractures. As compared to internal fixation it is accompanied by less complications and allows an immediate postoperative weight bearing. In contrast to total hip arthroplasty, this operation is not so demanding for the patient. ⋯ Hemiarthroplasty must be correctly indicated and technically properly performed. First of all it is necessary to respect the relation between the centre of the prosthetic head and the apex of the greater trochanter, i.e. the head centre should be 1-2 mm below the level of apex of the greater trochanter. Further, it requires a correct anteversion and suture of the articular capsule as a prevention of postoperative dislocation.