Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)
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Wound-related pain can cause significant distress and may lead to reduced quality of life. This article provides an overview of the management and treatment of pain in patients with chronic wounds. The importance of undertaking a thorough pain assessment using pain measuring scales is also discussed.
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Head injury is a common occurrence that often leads to raised intracranial pressure (ICP). While the best care for patients with head injury might be in specialist neuroscience units, limited places mean that nurses working outside these units might also encounter patients with raised ICP. This article describes the pathophysiology of raised ICP in relation to vital observations and nursing interventions.
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Patient choice and feedback has become a significant policy driver for the NHS.
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Evaluation of pulmonary function is essential for the diagnosis and management of respiratory disease and other conditions. Various tests are available. Some, such as spirometry and pulse oximetry, are widely used in a variety of healthcare settings; others, such as those that measure diffusing capacity and static lung volumes, are performed in specialist pulmonary function laboratories. This article examines some of the pulmonary function tests available.