Chest surgery clinics of North America
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LVRS provides an exciting opportunity for palliation of symptoms and improvement in quality of life for patients who have severe end-stage emphysema. Because no medical therapy has been able to improve pulmonary function or reverse the inexorable decline of breathless patients who have emphysema, this opportunity to improve lung function and quality of life is one of the most innovative additions to thoracic surgery since the first successful lung transplant procedure 20 years ago. ⋯ Selected patients who have upper lobe emphysema and poor exercise capacity are also more likely to have improved survival after LVRS. The individual contributions by the large number of investigators pioneering LVRS development, along with the collective contributions of the NETT investigators, have propelled the knowledge surrounding LVRS far beyond that of any similar new technology or procedure in its adolescence.
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Over the past decade, improvements in the technique of lung preservation have led to significant reduction in the incidence of ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury after lung transplantation. The challenge remains to improve the number of donor lungs available for transplantation. While the number of patients on the waiting list is constantly increasing, only 10% to 30% of donor lungs are currently being used for transplantation. ⋯ In addition, an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in lung preservation might help elucidate the potential link between acute lung injury and chronic graft dysfunction. In the future, genetic analysis using novel technologies such as microarray analysis will help researchers determine which genes control the injury seen in the transplantation process. Hopefully, this information will provide new insights into the mechanisms of injury and reveal potential new strategies and targets for therapies to improve lung preservation.
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BOS remains a difficult problem to control following lung transplantation, largely because of uncertainties regarding the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for it. Continued work on the pathogenesis of BOS is essential. The progressive nature and poor outlook when BOS stage 3 is reached indicates that current strategies should be focused on prevention and early intervention. There is a great need for randomized, controlled trials on intervention if the international transplant community is to make progress in this area.
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A rare late complication of tracheostomy is persistence of the stoma after removal of the tracheostomy tube. This article reviews the indications for surgical repair and outlines two alternative approaches to surgical management of this problem.
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Air leaks are an unavoidable complication of pulmonary resection. The definition of a persistent air leak is arbitrary and may even be irrelevant in solving the problem. Persistent air leaks are more common in patients with severe COPD, and preoperative interventions are ineffective in reducing their prevalence. ⋯ The use of currently available sealants is ineffective for the treatment of this complication. To stop persistent air leaks, early cessation of suction and placing chest tubes to an underwater seal is more effective than continuous suction. The management of persistent air leaks may require provocative chest tube clamping and permissive chest tube removal or patient discharge from the hospital with a chest tube and a Heimlich valve.