Journal of clinical monitoring
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It is well recognized that catheter-manometer systems significantly distort direct radial artery pressure measurements. Sinusoidal frequency analysis and the flush method of assessing the degree of distortion caused by the monitoring system were compared to determine whether these two methods agree in the estimation of natural frequency and damping coefficient. The frequency response of 30 radial artery catheter-manometer systems used for intensive-care unit patients was measured by the flush method and sinusoidal frequency analysis. ⋯ No secondary resonance peaks were observed up to a frequency of 200 Hz. The measured frequency response demonstrated that the average catheter-manometer system in use in our intensive care unit would cause significant distortion of the radial artery pressure, with the mean natural frequency (fn) of 14.7 +/- 3.7 Hz and the mean damping coefficient (zeta) of 0.24 +/- 0.07. Although the 30 monitoring systems had identical configurations and visible bubbles were carefully removed, a wide range of frequency responses was found (fn = 10.2 to 25.3; zeta = 0.15 to 0.44).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Functional residual capacity as a noninvasive indicator of optimal positive end-expiratory pressure.
We hypothesized that functional residual capacity (FRC) could be used as a noninvasive indicator of "optimal" positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), the level of PEEP that results in venous admixture below 15% with an inspired oxygen fraction less than 0.5. We compared several variables for PEEP optimization--oxygen transport, total respiratory system compliance, FRC-based compliance, mixed venous oxygen saturation, end-tidal to arterial carbon dioxide tension difference, and arterial oxygen saturation--by producing four different PEEP levels, 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm H2O, in 24 mongrel dogs in which pulmonary injury was produced. The data were regressed versus PEEP by using analysis of variance for regression. ⋯ Total respiratory system compliance (F1,23 = 66.6; P less than 0.0001) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (F1,23 = 12.2; P less than 0.002) had a quadratic relationship with respect to PEEP with a peak at 5 cm H2O. FRC-based compliance did not have a significant relationship to PEEP. The maximum values of total respiratory system compliance, FRC-based compliance, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and oxygen transport did not occur at PEEP levels that corresponded to a venous admixture below 15% ("optimal" PEEP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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We evaluated a new combined sensor for monitoring transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) and oxygen tension (PtcO2) in 20 critically ill newborn infants. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) ranged from 16 to 126 torr and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) from 14 to 72 torr. Linear correlation analysis (100 paired values) of PtcO2 versus PaO2 showed an r value of 0.75 with a regression equation of PtcO2 = 8.59 + 0.905 (PaO2), while PtcCO2 versus PaCO2 revealed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.89 with an equation of PtcCO2 = 2.53 + 1.06 (PaCO2). ⋯ The transcutaneous sensor detected 83% of hypoxia (PaO2 less than 45 torr), 75% of hyperoxia (PaO2 greater than 90 torr), 45% of hypocapnia (PaCO2 less than 35 torr), and 96% of hypercapnia (PaCO2 greater than 45 torr). We conclude that the reliability of the combined transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 monitor in sick neonates is good for detecting hypercapnia, fair for hypoxia and hyperoxia, but poor for hypocapnia. It is an improvement in that it spares available skin surface and requires less handling, but it appears to be slightly less accurate than the single electrodes.
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The process of monitoring carbon dioxide in the respired gas is described. The physical principle employed in many capnometers is nondispersive infrared absorption: An infrared light beam is projected through a gas sample and the intensity of transmitted light is measured. ⋯ The value of the data displayed, once derived, is based on the knowledge that carbon dioxide is an end product of the metabolism of oxygen-consuming organisms. The data can be a useful indicator of metabolic, circulatory, and ventilatory processes.
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Continuous fiberoptic measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) via a pulmonary artery catheter is a useful, though invasive, monitoring technique. Continuous right atrial venous oxygen saturation measurement by oximetry offers the potential of a significantly less invasive SvO2 measurement. However, catheter motion, character of the vessel, chamber wall reflection, the filtering technique involved in calculating oxygen saturation, and the streaming of venous blood prior to ventricular mixing may influence the feasibility of continuous right atrial (RA) SvO2 measurement. ⋯ Over a total monitoring period of approximately 40 hours, 464 paired data points were sampled at 5-minute intervals. The difference between the overall means of RA and PA SvO2 was 0.91% with a standard error of the estimate of 4.7%, a regression equation of RA SvO2 = PA SvO2 (0.94 + 2.1) PA So2, and a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Our conclusion, although extrapolated from a pig model, is that fiberoptic SvO2 monitoring may be accomplished less invasively and at a lower cost with a right atrial catheter.