Drugs & aging
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Dementia is a complex progressive syndrome characterised by impairment of cognition (including memory, language, visuospatial skills and executive function), changes in personality and diminished activities of daily living. The impact of dementia is enormous and poses a huge challenge to patients, their carers, society at large and health systems around the world, in terms of the direct cost of medical care, social care and unpaid care provided by family members and others. ⋯ This review summarises the epidemiology of dementia syndrome, and offers detailed evidence-based advice on recognition of dementia (including subtyping) and responses to it and its associated symptoms. The roles of neuroimaging and biomarkers are discussed, as are both non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Randomized clinical trial of an intravenous hydromorphone titration protocol versus usual care for management of acute pain in older emergency department patients.
Opioid titration is an effective strategy for treating pain; however, titration is generally impractical in the busy emergency department (ED) setting. Our objective was to test a rapid, two-step, hydromorphone titration protocol against usual care in older patients presenting to the ED with acute severe pain. ⋯ Low-dose titration of intravenous hydromorphone in increments of 0.5 mg provides comparable analgesia to usual care with less opioid over 60 min.
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The Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) classifies 65 common drug issues found to contribute to inappropriate prescribing in the elderly. International studies using STOPP criteria indicate high potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) prevalence rates; however, no studies have been conducted in older patients in UK hospitals. Published literature has not assessed whether prescribers attempt to minimise the potential risk of PIMs by putting in place follow-up or review plans. ⋯ Admission to a specialist HAU was associated with a significant reduction in PIMS. Very few patients discharged with a PIM had a documented follow-up plan. PIM prevalence was lower than published rates found internationally. Similar studies in settings of varying types across the UK are needed.
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Clinical validation studies of the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS®) measures of inappropriate prescribing in the elderly are limited. ⋯ Analyses support the link between HRME/Rx-DIS exposure and clinically significant outcomes in older veterans. Now is the time to begin incorporating input from both patients who receive these medications and providers who prescribe to develop approaches to reduce exposure to these agents.
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Practice guidelines recommend the use of low dose haloperidol when medication is needed to treat delirium with acute agitation in hospitalized older people. Despite this, high dose haloperidol may frequently be used and result in higher rates of complications. ⋯ Higher than recommended initial doses of haloperidol were frequently used in the treatment of delirium with acute agitation in hospitalized older people. We found no evidence to suggest that higher dosages were more effective in decreasing the duration of agitation or the length of hospital stay. Low dose haloperidol appears to be as effective as and safer than higher doses in the treatment of acute agitation in this older population.