Przegla̧d lekarski
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Postoperative nausea and vomiting belong to fairly frequent postoperative complications, but they occupy a distant position on the list of complications, which most probably result from a general conviction that they do not pose a direct threat to patients. ⋯ (1) PONV is more frequent in women than in men. The same refers to non-smokers, suffering from migraine headaches, motion sickness, as well as obesity and suffering from PONV earlier. (2) The frequency of postoperative vomiting in the patients with nausea is higher by 65.2% than in the patients without nausea. (3) A clear relation between the frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting occurrence and the type of operative procedure was noticed. It was the strongest in the sick who underwent orthopedic procedures. (4) The correlation between anesthesia induction agents and PONV was not observed.
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The concentrations of albumin, IgG, transferrin, retinol binding protein (RBP), alpha-1-microglobulin (alpha-1-m) and beta-2-microglobulin (beta-2-m) were determined in urine of 83 males 21 to 60 years old (Mean = 41.2 +/- SD = 10.7) with a history of occupational exposure to metallic mercury vapours from 7 months to 37 years (Mean=16.3 +/- 10.9) and in 30 males without this exposure by using the nephelometry (Behring's antibodies, references and controls). The weighted mean of mercury concentrations in air was from 0.028 to 0.037 mg m(-3). The urinary level of mercury was determined by using the atomic absorption spectrometer Coleman Mercury Analyzer Mas-50, Perkin-Elmer USA, in alpha=253.7nm. ⋯ Values of "r" between mercury urine concentration and albumine (r=0.46), IgG (r=0.46) and transferrin (r=0.42) were highest in group of workers exposed to mercury vapours from 10 to 20 years. Albumin, transferrin and IgG urine concentrations, as well as alpha-1-m and beta-2-m urine concentrations were statistically significantly higher in the group of workers with > 150 microg Hg/dM3 urine concentration. In conclusion, determination of urine proteins, as a markers of early subclinical renal damage may be useful in monitoring occupational exposure to mercury vapours, especially in the group of workers with higher values of urine mercury concentrations.
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Historical Article
[The history of antitobacco actions in the last 500 years. Part. II. Medical actions].
Tobacco was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in Cuba in October, 1492. Spread of tobacco consumption was initiated by the French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain, who in 1560 recommended it in the form of powdered tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medice to combat her migraine headaches, and introduced the term Nicotiana tobaccum. Tobacco consumption greatly rose after the I World War, and after the II World War it became very common, especially among man. ⋯ In this period, especially in the 19th century dominated moral and religious arguments against tobacco. In the 20th century however, and particularly in its second part, development in medical research was enhanced by civil voluntary actions against advertisement and passive smoking. This lead to the significant limitation of tobacco expansion in Europe, USA and Canada in the end of the 20th century.
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Smoking cigarettes adds to risk of anesthesia and surgery, and also may influence anxiety. However, cigarette abstinence may increase preoperative stress. The study aimed at exploring the relationship between smoking and anxiety in gynaecologic patients in the perioperative period, and also finding out whether the abstinence and history of unsuccessful cessation attempts are connected with an anxiety pattern at that time. ⋯ In smokers with the history of smoking cessation attempts, preoperative state anxiety was higher. Between smokers and non-smokers no differences in postoperative pain and no significant relationship with the anxiety could be found, Conclusions: 1) Perioperative anxiety is comparable in both smoking and non-smoking gynaecologic patients. 2) Cigarette abstinence before surgery is not connected with any significant anxiety differences. Smokers with the history of unsuccessful cessation attempts preoperatively present with higher state anxiety.