Przegla̧d lekarski
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Tobacco smoking in Poland is fairly widespread on a large scale. Research suggests that the early twenty-first century, the percentage of female daily smokers aged 20 and above was 26%, and men the same age 43%. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that smoking was the cause of approximately sixty-nine thousand deaths in Poland (including fifty-seven thousand men and twelve thousand women). ⋯ Development of knowledge about the neurobiology of addiction in a broader sense, including dependence on nicotine, contributed to a better understanding of the mechanism of smoking and allowed to search for more effective pharmacological treatments. Current research and clinical trials carried out in two main directions - a) the administration of non-nicotine alone, and b) in combination with nicotine replacement therapy. Publication focuses on the characteristics of the preparations for the treatment of nicotine dependence, including for example mechanism of action, method and duration of use, effectiveness in the treatment and side effects that may occur during the use of these substances.
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Lipid emulsion intravenous infusion is recommended in reversing cardiac toxicity of local anaesthetics. Recent reports indicate, that it may be useful in the treatment of cardiotoxic drug overdose. While the mechanism of action is not fully understood, creation of a "lipid sink" is the predominant effect. The aim of the paper is to present the efficacy and indications for the use of lipid emulsion in acute poisoning, basing on the medical literature.
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Review Case Reports
[Severe paracetamol poisoning complicated with liver and renal failure--case report and review of literature].
Paracetamol is a widely known over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic which, in acute poisoning usually causes liver damage, and less commonly damage to the kidney, heart, and pancreas. In the present paper we report a case of acute suicidal paracetamol intoxication complicated by acute hepatic and renal failure. The discussion covers the pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment of acute renal failure in the course of paracetamol poisoning. ⋯ In acute acetaminophen poisoning, in addition to standard monitoring of liver function, the monitoring of kidney function is necessary because of the risk of acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis. Kidney damage is likely to be transient and generally will not need long-term renal replacement therapy.
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The aim of this paper was to summarize up-to-date data on the new emerging nicotine containing product 'electronic cigarette', commonly referred as e-cigarette. We presented data on prevalence and popularity of various brands and models on domestic markets. Development of the new products with technical and chemical modifications was also described. ⋯ Regulatory policies on e-cigarette sale as nicotine containing product were also discussed. We concluded that e-cigarette might be an effective harm reduction tool but little is known about its safety, especially when used for a long time. Despite many positive findings from surveys among e-cigarettes users, there is need for comprehensive state-of-the-at clinical trials to show efficacy of e-cigarette as smoking cessation tool.
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Smoking during pregnancy is associated with various adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal development, carries a lot of serious complications such as spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, and reduced birth weight of the newborn. Children of smoking mothers have an increased risk of premature birth, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome and respiratory diseases during infancy. Smoking also causes long-term risk of maternal health problems such as: heart disease, cancer, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and higher mortality rate. ⋯ Residual nicotine that persists in high concentrations on the interior surfaces, including clothing, is forming in the reaction of nitric acid carcinogenic compounds of specific nitrosamines. In addition, ozone and related atmospheric oxidants react with nicotine smoke or smoke coming from the second-hand smoke, giving the smallest particles with high risk of asthma. Efforts towards reducing exposure to tobacco smoke coming from the passive and indirect smoking should be placed at a high priority throughout the European Union.