Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva
-
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva · Apr 2013
ReviewPerceptions and practices regarding delirium, sedation and analgesia in critically ill patients: a narrative review.
A significant number of landmark studies have been published in the last decade that increase the current knowledge on sedation for critically ill patients. Therefore, many practices that were considered standard of care are now outdated. Oversedation has been shown to be hazardous, and light sedation and no-sedation protocols are associated with better patient outcomes. ⋯ Implementing best practices is a major challenge that must also be addressed in the new guidelines. In this review, we summarize the findings of sedation and delirium research over the last years. We also discuss the gap between evidence and clinical practice and highlight ways to implement best practices at the bedside.
-
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva · Apr 2013
Review Comparative StudyDelirium rating scales in critically ill patients: a systematic literature review.
To identify scales that can establish a quantitative assessment of delirium symptoms in critically ill patients through a systematic review. ⋯ The scales identified allow the stratification and monitoring of critically ill patients with delirium. Among the six scales, the most studied and best suited for use in the intensive care units was the Intensive Care Delirium Screening.
-
Delirium occurs in up to 80% of patients admitted to intensive care units. Although under-diagnosed, delirium is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality in critical patients. Here, we review the main risk factors, clinical manifestations and preventative and therapeutic approaches (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) for this illness.
-
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva · Apr 2013
ReviewUse of femoral vein catheters for the assessment of perfusion parameters.
The use of central venous oxygen saturation (SvcO2) and arterial lactate in the diagnosis of severe tissue hypoperfusion is well established, and the optimization of these parameters is currently under investigation, particularly in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. However, the only place for deep venous puncture or the first choice for puncture is often the femoral vein. Although venous saturation obtained from blood sampling from this catheter, instead of SvcO2, has already been used in the diagnosis of severe tissue hypoperfusion, little is known about the accuracy of the results. ⋯ Few studies in the literature have evaluated the use of femoral venous oxygen saturation (SvfO2) or venous lactate. The results obtained thus far demonstrate no adequate agreement between SvfO2 and SvcO2, which limits the clinical use of SvfO2. However, the apparent strong correlation between arterial and peripheral and central venous lactate values suggests that venous lactate obtained from the femoral vein could eventually be used instead of arterial lactate, although there is insufficient evidence on which to base this procedure at this time.