JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
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About one-third of the world population is exposed to second hand smoke (SHS) with estimated 600,000 annual deaths. The objective of this article is to determine the exposure of adult Pakistani population to SHS and its association with different demographic variables based on data of Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in 2014 in Pakistan. ⋯ Less educated males were more exposed to second-hand smoke both at work places and public places; therefore to start with interventions, work places and public places should be a priority as at home results could be confounded by self-smoking as well.
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An in-depth analysis of GATS 2014 is performed to study the various demographic determinants of smoked tobacco consumption among Pakistani adults. ⋯ Males having low education and living in rural area puts an adult Pakistani at high risk of becoming the user of smoked tobacco. Health education involving primary health care providers particularly focusing on rural areas will reduce the prevalence of smoking.
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To assess the frequency and anatomical distribution of musculoskeletal pain and its related risk factors. ⋯ There was a significant risk of musculoskeletal pain for medical students.
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Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement (ONSD) has been associated with identifying the prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. The study was planned to evaluate the prognostic value of ONSD measured on the initial brain computed tomography (CT) scan performed on patients with blunt TBI in the emergency department(ED). This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of moderate and severe TBI patients from January to December 2014. ⋯ The mean ONSD measured on CT scan was 3.8±1. The Pearson's correlation between the severity of brain injury as per GCS at presentation and ONSD was not significant (-0.182). We concluded that ONSD measured on the initial CT brain scan had good association with the severity of blunt TBI in patients presenting to the ED.
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To investigate the prevalence and transmission risks of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections among internally displaced persons. ⋯ High prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections was found among internally displaced people.