Reviews of infectious diseases
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Diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity, with attack rates ranging from two to 12 or more illnesses per person per year in developed and developing countries. In addition, diarrheal illnesses account for an estimated 12,600 deaths each day in children in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The causes of diarrhea include a wide array of viruses, bacteria, and parasites, many of which have been recognized only in the last decade or two. ⋯ The rational management of infectious diarrhea requires the highly selective use of laboratory tests for these varied etiologic agents, depending on the clinical and epidemiologic setting. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the magnitude, special settings, and etiologies of diarrhea endemic to developed and developing countries. This information permits a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of common diarrheal illnesses in different settings.
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Each year 12 million persons travel from an industrialized country to a developing country in the tropics or subtropics. These travelers experience a high rate of diarrhea caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water. One or more pathogens can be found in the stool of a majority of ill individuals. ⋯ Other pathogens that cause diarrhea in a smaller fraction of ill travelers include Shigella species, Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio, Aeromonas hydrophila, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, rotavirus, and 27-nm viruses, including Norwalk virus. Other organisms that may cause a fraction of the episodes of travelers' diarrhea include Plesiomonas shigelloides, enteroadherent E. coli, adenovirus or other viruses, and Cryptosporidium. Mixed infections of two or more of these pathogens also occur.
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Biography Historical Article Classical Article
Adventures among viruses. III. The puzzle of the common cold. 1950.
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For the treatment of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, short-course chemotherapy of 6 months' duration (with the four-drug combination of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin given daily for a 2-month initial intensive phase followed by a 4-month daily continuation phase with isoniazid and rifampin) is as effective and as acceptable as the standard 9-month daily course of therapy (with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol given for a 2-month initial intensive phase followed by a 7-month daily continuation phase with isoniazid and rifampin). The duration of short-course chemotherapy cannot be further reduced for smear-negative and culture-positive or smear-negative and culture-negative pulmonary tuberculosis or for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Isoniazid has been demonstrated to be active as prophylactic therapy for tuberculosis at a daily dose of 300 mg (5-10 mg/kg in children) for 6-12 months. Prophylaxis of 2 months' duration with daily administration of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide may be as effective as prophylactic therapy with isoniazid of 12 months' duration.