South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde
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Evidence on mask use in the general population is needed to inform SARS-CoV-2 responses. ⋯ Direct evidence for cloth and medical mask efficacy and effectiveness in the community is limited. Decision-making for mask use may consider other factors such as feasibility and SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics; however, well-designed comparative effectiveness studies are required.
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In recent years there have been significant advances in the management of stroke. In particular, reperfusion therapies have been shown to confer significant benefit, with the possibility of reversing ischaemic stroke or reducing disability when administered to suitable patients. However, these therapies also carry significant risk, including death. The South African (SA) and other international guidelines for stroke care provide recommendations to optimise benefit and reduce risk of these novel treatments. Failure to adhere to recommended guidelines can lead to increased preventable morbidity and mortality in such patients. ⋯ The two stroke units at the level 3 hospitals adhered most closely to the recommended SA stroke guideline. Elsewhere, ischaemic stroke care varied widely across general medical wards at all hospital levels. Adherence to the guideline was influenced by factors such as limited access to diagnostic investigations, patient delays in receiving medical attention, and shortages of staff. Monitoring systems for continuous evaluation of the quality of acute and post-acute stroke services are needed. The shortfall in compliance with recommended stroke treatment guidelines could lead to worse outcomes and exposure to litigation.
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Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and computational tools over the past few years have led to vast improvements in the metagenomic analysis of the human microbiota. While this has also significantly improved our understanding of the role of the host-microbiome interaction in health and disease, the current clinical expectation is that testing, particularly of the gastrointestinal biome, can be used to diagnose, manage and treat patients. The authors outline the available technologies and highlight current limitations of these techniques to address this clinical demand. Through understanding the limitations of and need for more research and data collection, one can improve the appropriate utilisation and interpretation, as well as the current rational clinical application of these techniques.
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Delays to surgery for acute appendicitis in low- and middle-income countries lead to significant morbidity. ⋯ Delays to surgery beyond 72 hours significantly increased complicated appendicitis, an important risk factor for SSI. Access to facilities with surgical capability and the use of laparoscopic surgery are modifiable risk factors for SSI.
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Large cohorts of HIV-1 perinatally infected children with long-term follow-up in developing countries are limited. ⋯ We observed high rates of virological failure and emergence of HIV drug resistance mutations. Despite gains made by SA in the treatment of HIV, such results challenge the country's ability to meet global targets of 90% viral suppression by 2020.