British journal of hospital medicine
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Central venous catheterization is an established procedure in medical, surgical and anaesthetic practice. However, the procedure is not without hazard. One complication that may be life-threatening is air embolism. This article considers the causes of air embolism related to central venous catheterization, its treatment and methods of prevention.
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The state of anaesthesia is one of unconsciousness, lack of awareness, amnesia and reflex suppression to noxious stimuli. The depth of anaesthesia is generally considered adequate if the patient neither moves in response to surgical stimulus nor shows any signs of autonomic reflexes. Anaesthesia is generally considered inadequate if the patient has recall after surgery!
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In this article I consider that part of the interpretation of a chest radiograph that is concerned with abnormal opacities. The recognition of various shadow patterns and their interpretation in terms of gross pathology is central to the approach.