Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgão oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology
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Case Reports
Ascending aortic aneurysm and patent foramen ovale: a rare cause of platypnea-orthodeoxia.
Platypnea-orthodeoxia is a rare syndrome characterized by dyspnea and hypoxia induced by the upright position and relieved by the supine position. Several factors related to atrial anatomy can facilitate shunting through an atrial septal defect; in many cases, the syndrome is associated with patent foramen ovale and right-to-left shunt, and has also been linked to aortic aneurysm. We present a case of platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome in a 61-year-old woman with patent foramen ovale and ascending aortic aneurysm.
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Recent studies have raised the concern that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) could potentially interfere with clopidogrel antiplatelet effect. This association is frequent in clinical practice and is recommended by recent consensus guidelines in patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy to prevent gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Clopidogrel is a pro-drug which needs to be metabolized into its active metabolite, by cytochrome P450, especially by CYP2C19 isoenzyme. ⋯ The clinical impact of these observations remains uncertain, because various observational studies have shown conflicting results, and remains to demonstrate if PPIs can really increase the risk of cardiovascular events in patients taking clopidogrel. In this review we will discuss the pharmacokinetic basis underlying this drug interaction, the effect of different PPIs on platelet function tests and we will analyze in detail the potential clinical implications of using this association, both on cardiovascular and gastrointestinal events. Until further data is available, some clinical strategies can be recommended: (1) individual gastrointestinal risk assessment, with PPIs administration only to patients on dual anti-platelet therapy with additional GI risk factors; (2) preferential use of PPIs that have shown less interference with clopidogrel efficacy; (3) wide separation of PPI and clopidogrel dosing to minimize the risk of interaction (PPI may be given before breakfast and clopidogrel at bedtime); (4) or alternative use of histamine-2-receptor antagonist therapy, in patients at low GI risk.
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Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet agent converted to its active metabolite by cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes. Numerous drugs are known to inhibit P-450 isoenzymes, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are often associated with aspirin and clopidogrel to prevent adverse gastrointestinal effects. In vitro studies first showed that PPIs reduced the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, while recent clinical studies have raised concerns that the addition of a PPI to clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients could actually increase the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. ⋯ In the present study, PPI precription in addition to aspirin and clopidogrel after ACS was not associated with a worse six-month prognosis.