Frontiers in microbiology
-
Frontiers in microbiology · Jan 2020
Adenovirus-Vectored Capsid Proteins of the Serotype A Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Protect Guinea Pigs Against Challenge.
Type A foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been detected on China's pig farms since 2015, and all suspected samples have been strain A/GDMM/CHA/2013. To overcome the shortcomings of inactive FMDV vaccines, we expressed the capsid protein precursor P1-2A and mutated viral 3C protease of FMDV strain A/GDMM/CHA/2013 in a replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 vector in this study. ⋯ The recombinant adenovirus rAdv-P12A3CG38SF48S-GD protected 100% of guinea pigs against challenge when administered intramuscularly. Our study demonstrated the potential utility of rAdv-P12A3CG38SF48S-GD as a vaccine against type A FMDV.
-
Frontiers in microbiology · Jan 2020
Variability of Gut Microbiota Across the Life Cycle of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
Grapholita molesta, the oriental fruit moth, is a serious global pest of many Rosaceae fruit trees. Gut microorganisms play important roles in host nutrition, digestion, detoxification, and resistance to pathogens. However, there are few studies on the microbiota of G. molesta, particularly during metamorphosis. ⋯ Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that most functional prediction categories of gut microbiota were related to membrane transport, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and DNA replication and repair. Bacteria isolated by conventional culture-dependent methods belonged to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, which was consistent with high-throughput sequencing results. In conclusion, exploration of gut bacterial community composition in the gut of G. molesta should shed light into deeper understanding about the intricate associations between microbiota and host and might provide clues to the development of novel pest management strategies against fruit borers.
-
Frontiers in microbiology · Jan 2019
ReviewClinical Development of New TB Vaccines: Recent Advances and Next Steps.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills more people worldwide than any single infectious pathogen, yet the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is approaching its centenary. Two recent advances in clinical tuberculosis vaccine development have invigorated the field. BCG revaccination of interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) negative adolescents provided 45% protection against sustained Mtb infection defined by IGRA conversion; and the protein-subunit vaccine M72/AS01 E provided 50% protection against progression from Mtb infection to tuberculosis disease in IGRA-positive adults. ⋯ New trials are needed to demonstrate efficacy of M72/AS01 E with greater precision, in a wider age range, in diverse epidemic settings, and in populations that include Mtb-uninfected and HIV-infected persons. Modeling the impact of mass campaigns with M72/AS01 E and other fast-follower vaccine candidates will be crucial to make the use case and demonstrate public health value for TB endemic countries. The size and scope of the next generation of efficacy trials, and the need to expand and accelerate the existing clinical development pipeline, will require public and private consortium funding and concerted political will.
-
Frontiers in microbiology · Jan 2019
ReviewA Historical Review on Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Campylobacter.
Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported foodborne human bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Campylobacter is the etiological agent of campylobacteriosis, which is generally a self-limited illness and therefore does not require treatment. ⋯ Because of the transmission between poultry and humans, the poultry industry must now allocate resources to address the problem by reducing Campylobacter as well as antimicrobial use, which may reduce resistance. This review will focus on the incidence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in poultry, the clinical consequences of this resistance, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance associated with Campylobacter.
-
Frontiers in microbiology · Jan 2019
ReviewOverview of Current Therapeutics and Novel Candidates Against Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections.
Emergence and re-emergence of respiratory virus infections represent a significant threat to global public health, as they occur seasonally and less frequently (such as in the case of influenza virus) as pandemic infections. Some of these viruses have been in the human population for centuries and others had recently emerged as a public health problem. Influenza viruses have been affecting the human population for a long time now; however, their ability to rapidly evolve through antigenic drift and antigenic shift causes the emergence of new strains. ⋯ No licensed vaccines or antivirals have been yet approved for the treatment of MERS-CoV in humans. It is clear that the discovery and development of novel antivirals that can be used alone or in combination with existing therapies to treat these important respiratory viral infections are critical. In this review, we will describe some of the novel therapeutics currently under development for the treatment of these infections.