Tidsskrift for den Norske lægeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny række
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It is well documented that placebo represents Pavlovian conditioned reflexes activated by positive anticipation of healing. The pain-relieving effects of placebo are due to a psychical activation of the endogenous opioid-serotonergic, pain-inhibitory descending system. The opposite effect is nocebo, a term introduced in 1961 by Kennedy (10). ⋯ In a setting where the animal has no control over an aversive stimulus, as in inescapable foot shocks, nocebo-effects predominate. It is postulated that noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus in the brain stem are involved in the production of nocebo-effects. The "placebo-system" and the "nocebo-system" exert a reciprocal inhibition at a brainstem level (fig 3).
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Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. · Mar 1989
Case Reports[A snow avalanche in Vassdalen. Medical experiences].
Of 31 soldiers caught by an avalanche in Northern Norway, one was not buried, 13 were partly buried and 17 were completely buried by the mass of snow. Only one of the completely buried soldiers survived. On admission to hospital after being buried by snow for three hours he had moderate hypothermia. ⋯ None of the nine attempts at resuscitation succeeded. Self-rescue and rescue by friends were most important to the soldiers who survived. We discuss aspects of the organized rescue operation.
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This case report describes an adult patient who developed post extubation laryngeal spasm and later pulmonary edema following relief of the laryngeal spasm. The mechanism that causes pulmonary edema following upper airway obstruction is very probably due to a modified Müller maneuver (inspiration against a closed glottis), which will increase negative intrapleural pressure, and thereby cause increased pulmonary capillary permeability.