Journal of cardiothoracic anesthesia
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J Cardiothorac Anesth · Apr 1988
Clinical TrialA method of rapid-sequence induction using high-dose narcotics with vecuronium or vecuronium and pancuronium in patients with coronary artery disease.
A method of rapid-sequence induction was studied in 18 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to assess the adequacy of relaxation for endotracheal intubation without resulting in major changes in heart rate (HR). Ten patients received vercuronium, 0.2 mg/kg (V); and eight patients received vecuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, and pancuronium, 0.1 mg/kg (V + P). All patients then received fentanyl, 50 to 70 microg/kg, or sufentanil, 5 to 7 microg/kg, followed 60 seconds later by intubation. ⋯ All patients were intubated without difficulty. The mean change in HR was -4.1 beats/min for patients receiving V and +16.4 beats/min for those receiving V + P (P < .002 for change in HR), with two V + P patients developing tachycardia. It is concluded that the onset of neuromuscular blockade is more rapid in the distribution of the mandibular nerve than at the ulnar nerve; mandibular nerve stimulation is a better predictor of adequate intubating conditions; good intubating conditions can be attained with either V or V + P; and, rapid-sequence induction with V is safe from a cardiac standpoint as measured by changes in HR, but the addition of pancuronium is unnecessary.
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J Cardiothorac Anesth · Apr 1988
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative StudyComparison of the hemodynamic and echocardiographic effects of sufentanil, fentanyl, isoflurane, and halothane for pediatric cardiovascular surgery.
Sufentanil, fentanyl, halothane, and isoflurane were compared as sole anesthetic agents in 48 infants and children aged 6 months to 9 years, undergoing repair of congenital heart defects. Patients were randomly assigned to receive sufentanil, 20 microg/kg, fentanyl, 100 microg/kg, isoflurane, 1.6%, or halothane, 0.9%, along with pancuronium, 0.08 mg/kg, for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Cardiovascular function was measured by echocardiography prior to induction, postinduction, and postintubation. ⋯ Arterial pressure immediately prior to bypass was significantly less than baseline in each group; however, arterial pressure was higher in the narcotic groups during isolation and cannulation of the great vessels. It is concluded that halothane, 0.9%, used as an induction agent in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery causes a clinically significant decrease in LVEF. Based on the echocardiographic data, sufentanil, fentanyl, and isoflurane as used in the present study do not have a clinically significant effect on cardiac function and may offer an advantage to infants and children with marginal cardiovascular reserve.
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J Cardiothorac Anesth · Apr 1988
Randomized Controlled TrialHormonal effects of an induction dose of etomidate for patients undergoing urgent myocardial revascularization.
The use of etomidate for induction of anesthesia in patients requiring urgent coronary artery surgery provides good cardiovascular stability. However, long-term etomidate infusions may cause transient signs of adrenocortical suppression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an induction bolus dose of etomidate would cause clinically relevant endocrine dysfunction in urgent coronary artery bypass patients. ⋯ Cortisol also increased from the time of cross-clamp removal to 12 and 24 hours post-bypass. During anesthesia and surgery in the pre-bypass period, there was a decrease in cortisol over time in the etomidate group, and there was an increase with diazepam. Thus, etomidate provided stable hemodynamics, possible mild intraoperative adrenocortical suppression, a depressed hormonal stress response to intubation, and a normal hormonal reaction to the later part of surgery and the postoperative period.
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J Cardiothorac Anesth · Apr 1988
Clinical TrialComplement and leukocytes during cardiopulmonary bypass: effects on plasma C3d and C5a, leukocyte count, release of granulocyte elastase and granulocyte chemotaxis.
In an effort to further elucidate the complex changes in the complement-leukocyte system during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), plasma levels of C3d, C5a, and granulocyte elastase bound to alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (E-alpha1 PI) were followed prior to, during, and after CPB. Leukocyte and differential cell counts and granulocyte migration were also determined. Complement activation was documented during CPB by an increase in plasma C3d corrected for hemodilution. ⋯ Granulocyte migration was transitorily depressed during CPB, and it was shown that this was due to the appearance of an intrinsic cellular defect. CPB is associated with acute changes in cells and plasma, resembling an acute whole-body inflammatory response, with transitory impairment of granulocyte migration. The clinical significance of these observations remains to be determined.