Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews
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Sleep-disordered breathing is very common and is associated with poor health and cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents. Its prevalence is between 2% and 4% of the population this group. Problems such as life-threatening events, failure to thrive, cardiovascular insult, poor cognition, poor school performance, and psychiatric/behavioral problems have been reported. This chapter will outline how to diagnose and treat adolescents with sleep apnea.
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Adolesc Med State Art Rev · Aug 2010
ReviewEpstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and infectious mononucleosis.
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a clinical syndrome that is common in adolescents and young adults and is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and fatigue. IM is most commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in which case laboratory findings include a lymphocytosis with an elevated number of atypical lymphocytes seen on peripheral smear and a heterophile or EBV-specific antibody response. ⋯ Many of these individuals will have their symptoms attributed to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. This chapter reviews the history, diagnosis, clinical management, and potential complications of both EBV- and CMV-associated IM in adolescents and young adults.
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Current management of acute asthma has been defined in clinical practice guidelines developed from systematic reviews and expert opinion. Initial treatment with inhaled high-dose beta-agonists and anticholinergics is recommended for severe exacerbations. ⋯ Poor adherence to preventive therapies and infrequent primary care follow-up are well documented among children and adolescents treated in emergency departments. These factors may contribute to disparities in outcomes for minority populations and are important considerations during acute care visits.
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Adolesc Med State Art Rev · Aug 2008
ReviewSubstance use disorders in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders are commonly observed together, particularly in clinical populations of adolescents. The co-occurrence of these problems is common and presents challenges for the clinician in assessment and management. This article will review the extent of the problem, the relationship in terms of risk and prognosis, and management issues, including the use of stimulant and nonstimulant medications and the risk of abuse, misuse, and diversion.
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Adolesc Med State Art Rev · Aug 2008
ReviewAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and complementary/alternative medicine.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased both by parents and health care providers. Despite scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of stimulants in the treatment of ADHD, the use of stimulants has received negative publicity and, for many parents, is worrisome. ⋯ Although some scientific evidence exists regarding some CAM therapies, for most there are key questions regarding safety and efficacy of these treatments in children. The aim of this article is to provide a general overview and focus on the evidence-based studies of CAM modalities that are commonly used for ADHD.