Primary care
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The management of diabetes in clinical practice has many challenges: quickly interpreting a large volume of self-monitoring of blood glucose data, ensuring safe and accurate titration of basal insulin, managing patients on insulin pump therapy, and synthesizing glycemic data into actionable reports to improve patient outcomes. Technological advancements are emerging as a solution to some of these challenges. This article reviews mobile applications for insulin dosing, continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pump therapy, and smart insulin pens available for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Assessing glycemia over time remains a standard recommendation in the care of all people with diabetes. Glycemic assessment methods range from laboratory- and office-based methods to patient-based methods. ⋯ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can also be used, especially via glucose management indicator or time-in-range, which can be useful especially when A1c might be impractical, unreliable, or inaccurate, or for glycemia assessment over a shorter interval. Other measures of glycemia, including hypoglycemia and glycemic variability, are becoming increasingly important in many cases and are also available via CGM.
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There are many nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, genetics, epigenetics, and social determinants of health (including education level, socioeconomic status, and noise and arsenic exposure). ⋯ Weight loss is the lifestyle intervention with the largest benefit for both preventing and treating diabetes. Exercise, even without weight loss, significantly reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes.