Primary care
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Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is an inherited multisystemic disorder of the renal tubules with subsequent formation of multiple cysts and enlargement of the kidney, affecting various organs. Diagnosis is initially suspected in those with family history and/or individuals who develop hypertension early on (secondary hypertension) or certain symptoms. Renal function is initially preserved for years secondary to compensatory mechanisms. ⋯ The disease course is variable, but patients often progress to end-stage renal failure by age 60. There is no known cure, however, risk factor modification at early stages is critical. Renal transplant is the optimal treatment in ESRD.
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Nephritic syndrome is a constellation of hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and in some cases acute kidney injury and fluid retention characteristic of acute glomerulonephritis. Infection-related glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis are the most common diseases in nephritic syndrome that primary care physicians might encounter in practice such that a solid comprehension of these can lead to earlier detection. This article describes the pathophysiology, incidence, clinical presentation, treatment, and disease progression of these nephritic syndrome entities, and provides guidance for when to refer to a nephrologist.
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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Approximately 30% to 40% of individuals with diabetes mellitus develop DKD, and the presence of DKD significantly elevates the risk for morbidity and mortality. ⋯ This review describes the pathogenesis of DKD and expands on evidence-based strategies for DKD management, integrating traditional approaches for hyperglycemia, hypertension, and albuminuria management with emerging therapeutic options. Given the public health burden of DKD, it is essential to prioritize prevention, recognition, and management of DKD in the primary care setting.
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Renovascular hypertension (RVH) is relatively common but underrecognized cause of resistant hypertension in clinical practice. Most patients with RVH have suboptimal control of hypertension in spite of being on multiple anti hypertensive medications. Prompt diagnosis and management is crucial to prevent long term morbidity and mortality. ⋯ In addition to pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures, some patients may benefit from angioplasty. This article discusses various definitions of hypertension, approach to diagnosis of RVH, and management. Data from clinical trials are discussed with evidence-based medicine practice recommendations.