Psychological reports
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Psychological reports · Apr 1991
Comparative StudyAttitudes related to work of adolescents in the United Kingdom and Japan.
This study was designed to provide data for notions that differences in achievement motivation in different nations may contribute to differences in national rates of economic growth. The nations investigated were the United Kingdom and Japan as representatives of low and high rates of economic growth in the decades after the end of World War II. ⋯ Differences in career preference between the nations were also presented. The relationship between motivations and attitudes to work with career preference were examined for each nation.
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Psychological reports · Dec 1990
Development of the Trust in Physician scale: a measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient-physician relationships.
Trust is widely acknowledged as an essential ingredient in patient-physician relationships. Given a dearth of situation-specific measures designed to quantify patients' trust in their physicians, we set out to develop an instrument to assess a patient's interpersonal trust in his physician. Findings from two studies are reported describing the development and validation of the Trust in Physician scale. ⋯ Cronbach alpha was .85. Trust was significantly related to patients' desires for control in their clinical interactions and subsequent satisfaction with care. Research and clinical applications of the Trust in Physician scale are discussed.
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Psychological reports · Oct 1990
Relationships among defensive styles, cognitive styles, processing styles, and attentional styles of normal adolescents.
Cognitive and psychodynamic theorists agree that an individual's personality and behavior are determined by both cognitive and dynamic processes. This study examined the relationship among three cognitive approaches--cognitive style, attentional style, and processing style--and examined their relations to defensive style. ⋯ While most comparisons were nonsignificant, a significant relationship was observed between sequential processing and field-dependence and between simultaneous processing and field-independence. Also, a trend was noted between field-independence and ideational defenses and between field-dependence and repression-based defenses.
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The literature has often suggested a relationship between psychiatric illness and increased risk for motor vehicle accidents but few data exist, particularly those from prospective or case-controlled studies. The present study examined detailed accident and injury data from a large series (N = 1778) of motor vehicle crashes that included persons with diagnoses of psychiatric illnesses (n = 17); matched controls were also studied. ⋯ Such drivers did less often drive motorcycles and tended to be less often cited for alcohol use. Implications of these results for efforts toward prevention and for further study are discussed.
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Psychological reports · Oct 1990
Exploring the reinforcement of compliance with "do" and "don't" requests and the side effects: a partial replication and extension.
The side effects of reinforcing compliance to "do" and "don't" requests were examined in this study. The study was designed to do two things: (1) further establish that "do" and "don't" requests are functionally distinct and (2) determine which "don't" requests will show the same ability as "do" requests in effecting a change in topographically different inappropriate behaviors. Three children (2 boys and 1 girl), ages 5 yr. 2 mo. to 6 yr. 7 mo., participated. ⋯ An undesirable side effect to the treatment was also noted. Two children showed a tendency to increase their rates of inappropriate behavior concurrent with increases in compliance to "don't" requests. Probable causes for this effect and concerns about the reinforcement of "don't" requests were discussed.