Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie
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Changes that occur in the behaviour of voltage-gated ion channels and ligand-gated receptor channels due to gene mutations or auto-immune attack are the cause of channelopathies in the central and peripheral nervous system. Although the relation between molecular channel defects and clinical symptoms has been explained in the case of many neuromuscular channelopathies, the pathophysiology of auto-immunity in neuropsychiatric syndromes is still unclear. ⋯ Although the occurrence of several auto-antibodies in schizophrenia has been confirmed, there is still no proof of a causal relationship in the syndrome. We still have no evidence of the prevalence of auto-immunity in neuropsychiatric syndromes. The discovery that an antibody against an ion channel is associated with some neuropsychiatric disorders may mean that in future it will be possible to treat patients by means of immunosuppression, which could lead to an improvement in a patient's cognitive abilities.
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Review
[Efficacy of frequency-neurofeedback and Cogmed JM-working memory training in children with ADHD].
The need for and the interest in non-pharmacological treatments for children with ADHD are increasing. The treatments include electro-encephalogram (EEG) frequency-neurofeedback and Cogmed working memory training. ⋯ Neither study produced any conclusive evidence for the efficacy of the investigated treatments in children with ADHD. However, both types of treatments can be further improved. Furthermore, the controlled designs may have restricted the embedding of the treatments. Because of possible improvements in the treatments in the future and because of the design restrictions affecting the treatments in their present form, it is still too early to draw any definitive conclusions about the validity and advantages of the two treatment methods.
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Our knowledge about auto-immune limbic encephalitis is increasing rapidly and it is now evident that patients with this disease can present with psychiatric symptoms. ⋯ Since patients with autoimmune limbic encephalitis often present with psychiatric symptoms, curative treatment is often available and the prognosis depends on the delay from presentation to treatment, psychiatrists should be aware of the signs of an underlying autoimmune encephalitis which have been described in this article.
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In the DSM-5, feeding disorders and eating disorders have been integrated into one single category. ⋯ The definition of and the criteria for feeding and eating disorders given in DSM-5 are an improvement on those used in dsm-iv and should help to reduce the eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS).
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The PDSS is a potential side-effect of the intramuscular injection of olanzapine pamoate. We saw the typical symptoms develop in a 46-year-old man 4 hours after the injection. ⋯ The most important measures that can be taken to prevent such an emergency are: a careful injection procedure, a 3-hour observation period following the injection and good counselling of the patient and his family. The treatment is conservative.