Pain medicine : the official journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine
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Peri- and postoperative pain frequently develops after joint replacement for severe knee osteoarthritis. A continuous nerve block is commonly used for pain relief, but the risks of infection and catheter dislodgement should be considered. The present mini-review aimed to brief the innervation and neural sonoanatomy of the knee joint and summarize the newest evidence of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) use in the management of knee pain. ⋯ The present review reveals that PNS is feasible for the management of knee pain, especially in the postoperative period. The procedure is safe under ultrasound guidance used for proper placement of the electrodes near the target nerves. In the future, more prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the effectiveness of PNS in acute and chronic knee pain.
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To determine the risk factors for new neuropathic pain (NeP) after five years in healthy middle-aged and elderly volunteers. ⋯ This longitudinal cohort study identified five independent risk factors for development of new NeP after five years, with related factors of spinal inclination, sarcopenia, and sciatica. New NeP may be prevented by intervention or treatment of these factors at an early stage in relatively healthy middle-aged and elderly people.
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With the advancement of technology, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been increasingly used to treat various chronic pain conditions. Its origin is based on the gate control theory postulated by Wall and Melzack in 1965. However, the exact mechanism behind PNS' analgesic effect is largely unknown. In this article, we performed a comprehensive literature review to overview the PNS mechanism of action. ⋯ Peripheral nerve stimulation exhibits its neuromodulatory effect both peripherally and centrally. Further understanding of the mechanism of PNS can help guide stimulation approaches and parameters to optimize the use of PNS.
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To conduct a systematic literature review of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for pain. ⋯ Peripheral nerve stimulation has moderate/strong evidence. Additional prospective trials could further refine appropriate populations and pain diagnoses.