Pain physician
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Cervical epidural steroid injections can be performed through either interlaminar or transforaminal approaches, although the interlaminar approach is more frequently used, for cervical radicular pain as a result of cervical disc herniation or spinal stenosis. Cervical selective nerve root block (CSNRB) is an injection that uses a similar approach to that of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) but CSNRB is mainly used for diagnostic injection, often with local anesthetic only. ⋯ This is the first study investigating the optimal needle entry angle for performing CTFESIs or CSNRB. Based on a patient population of 190, the optimal entry angle using the anterior oblique approach appears to be between the range of 33 to 68 degrees with an average of slightly less than 50 degrees. Further research with angle of needle entry and/or initial fluoroscopic alignment of approximately 50 degrees in CTFESI or CSNRB is warranted to confirm the usefulness of these findings.
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A few studies on the depth from the skin to the cervical epidural space (DSES) have been reported from the United States, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. There are no published reports from mainland China. ⋯ DSES varied with the cervical intervertebral level in those patients studied from the population of mainland China. The greatest DSES was noted at C7-T1 in men and T1-2 in women, and the least was at C5-6 in both men and women. DSES had a significant relationship with neck circumference and BMI in both genders. We suggest that the DSES be measured with MRI before performing epidural puncture. The lower cervical and upper thoracic intervertebral spaces appear to provide a greater margin of safety for epidural puncture.
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The epidemic of medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics is linked to the economic burden of opioid-related abuse and fatalities in the United States. Multiple studies have estimated the extent to which prescription opioid analgesics contribute to the national drug abuse problem; studies also assessing the trends in medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics have confirmed the relationship between increasing medical use of opioids and increasing fatalities.The available data is limited until 2002. ⋯ The present trend of continued increase in the medical use of opioid analgesics appears to contribute to increases in misuse, resulting in multiple health consequences.
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We previously published an article about the pressure effect using a rheumatoid animal model. Hyperbaric therapy appears to be beneficial in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by reducing the inflammatory process in an animal model. In this sense, acquiring the optimal pressure-treatment time parameter for RA is important and no optimal hyperbaric therapy time has been suggested up to now. ⋯ The effect of hyperbaric treatment appears to be dependent upon the elevated therapy time under 1.5 ATA pressure for a short period of time; however, the long-term effects were similar in all pressure groups. Further study will be needed to acquire the optimal pressure-treatment parameter relationship in various conditions for clinical application.