Frontiers in pediatrics
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Frontiers in pediatrics · Jan 2014
ReviewHow Pediatric Urology Fellowships in the United States are Funded.
We desired to discover how pediatric urology fellowship positions in the United States were funded. ⋯ All but three hospitals fund 100% of the clinical year of pediatric urology fellowship. Sources of funding for the second, ABU-required year vary widely among fellowship programs in the United States.
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The concept of univentricular heart moved from hearts with only one ventricle connected with atria [double inlet ventricle or absent atrioventricular (AV) connection] to hearts not amenable to biventricular repair, namely hearts with two ventricles unable to sustain separately pulmonary and systemic circulations in sequence. In the latter definition, even hearts with one hypoplastic ventricle are considered "functional" univentricular hearts. They include pulmonary/aortic atresia or severe stenosis with hypoplastic ventricle, and rare conditions like huge intramural cardiac tumors and Ebstein anomaly with extreme atrialization of right ventricular cavity. ⋯ Absent right or left AV connection may develop in the setting of both d- or l-loop, whatever the situs. In this condition, the contra-lateral patent AV valve may be either mitral or tricuspid in terms of morphology and the underlying ventricle (main chamber) either morphologically left or right. Establishing the loop, whatever right or left (also called right or left ventricular topology), is a fundamental step in the segmental-sequential analysis of congenital heart disease.