Internal medicine journal
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Internal medicine journal · Jul 2021
ReviewEndocrine adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being utilised as an effective therapy for a variety of cancers. However, they have the potential to cause serious autoimmune toxicities in multiple organ systems termed 'immunotherapy-related adverse events'. ⋯ This makes it important for all physicians, in addition to endocrinologists and oncologists, to understand the nature of these reactions and the general approach to their diagnosis and management. This review aims to provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of the endocrine adverse events.
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Internal medicine journal · Jul 2021
Utility of "back-up" arterio-venous fistulae in patients on peritoneal dialysis and use of haemodialysis catheters.
Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis may require unanticipated transfer to haemodialysis. Back up fistula are often created in selected patients. These may help reduce the infective burden of haemodialysis (HD) catheter. ⋯ Patients undergoing PD frequently require urgent unanticipated transfer to HD and back-up AVF can be successfully utilised in this setting in the majority of cases, which in turn can reduce the infective burden of HD catheter exposure.