Best practice & research. Clinical haematology
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Best Pract Res Clin Haematol · Jun 2013
ReviewNew oral anticoagulants after acute coronary syndrome.
New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been developed that may further decrease the mortality and morbidity of ACS by complementing antiplatelet therapy. Optimal use of these agents can be achieved by maximum reduction in thrombotic events at the minimum bleeding risk when combining a long-term oral anticoagulant with anti-platelet therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. Although, based on the pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of NOACs, these agents could improve the current management of ACS patients, multiple trials consistently demonstrate a trend toward increased major and clinically relevant non major bleeding almost diminishing the benefits in reduction of ischemic events. Therefore, some critical issues need to be further evaluated in future trials.
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Best Pract Res Clin Haematol · Jun 2013
ReviewNovel oral anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery.
The direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, and the selective factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban, are new oral anticoagulants that are approved in many countries for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing elective hip or knee arthroplasty. All have a rapid onset of action, a low potential for food and drug interactions and a predictable anticoagulant effect that obviates the need for routine coagulation monitoring. ⋯ This review summarizes the pharmacology, clinical trial results, bleeding risk and practical use of these new oral anticoagulants in clinical orthopaedic practice. Potential issues to be considered when using these oral anticoagulants include renal impairment, potential drug interactions, neuraxial anaesthesia and management of bleeding.
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The risk of venous thrombosis extends for an indeterminate length of time following admission to hospital with a medical or surgical condition. Observational studies in surgery show this risk extends for months and perhaps more than one year, for medical patients the risk extends for at least several weeks. Large bodies of evidence support the heightened risk status of hospitalised surgical and medical patients, and that prophylactic measures significantly reduce the risk of thrombosis. ⋯ Hence no therapies are approved for prolonged thromboprophylaxis in medical patients. In this area there have been one phase III study of low molecular weight heparin and two completed phase III studies of NOACs. This article briefly summarises our understanding of the background to preventing venous thromboembolism in hospitalised medical patients and reviews the details of the studies using NOACs.
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Best Pract Res Clin Haematol · Jun 2013
ReviewNew oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism.
New oral anticoagulants, acting either as direct factor-Xa or thrombin inhibitors, have been evaluated for the acute and long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Dabigatran and rivaroxaban are as effective as conventional therapy (heparin/vitamin K antagonists) without safety concerns. Rivaroxaban allows a single-drug regimen even in patients with pulmonary embolism, while dabigatran requires 5-7 days of initial heparin treatment. ⋯ Considering both efficacy and bleeding complications, all these agents have a favorable net clinical benefit. Dabigatran is as effective and safe as warfarin for the extended treatment of VTE. It is conceivable that the new oral anticoagulants will become the standard therapy for VTE in the next years.