Frontiers in endocrinology
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Jan 2020
Roles of Testosterone and Estradiol in Mediation of Acute Neuroendocrine and Electroencephalographic Effects of Sevoflurane During the Sensitive Period in Rats.
Testosterone (T), predominantly acting through its derivative 17β-estradiol (E2), regulates the brain's sexual differentiation in rodents during the perinatal sensitive period, which mirrors the window of vulnerability to the adverse effects of general anesthetics. The mechanisms of anesthesia's adverse effects are poorly understood. We investigated whether sevoflurane alters T and E2 levels and whether they contribute to sevoflurane's acute adverse effects in postnatal day 5 Sprague-Dawley rats. ⋯ The ERα antagonist MPP, but not the ERβ antagonist PHTPP, reduced electroencephalography-detectable seizures and normalized the Nkcc1/Kcc2 mRNA ratio. Collectively, sevoflurane exacerbates levels of T in males and E2 in both sexes during the period of their organizational effects in rodents. Sevoflurane acts through GABAAR-mediated, systemic T-independent elevation of E2 to cause electroencephalography-detectable seizures, stress-like corticosterone secretion, and changes in the expression of genes critical for brain development.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Jan 2020
Left Heart Dysfunction in Acromegaly Revealed by Novel Echocardiographic Methods.
Background: Acromegaly is a rare disease that requires modern treatment to decrease the risk of mortality, mainly from vascular diseases. Identifying acromegalic patients with increased cardiovascular risk is challenging. Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) is a modern, well-validated, and reproducible method of assessing left ventricular longitudinal deformation and providing a sensitive assessment of myocardial contractility. ⋯ Results: The ACRO group, compared to the CONTROL group, presented: (1) higher left ventricular mass (left ventricular mass index: 132 vs. 108 g/m2, p < 0.001) and, in consequence, more frequent LV hypertrophy (80.0 vs. 53.3%; p = 0.028); (2) impaired LV systolic function measured by both left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (63.4 vs. 66.9%, p < 0.001) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) (-18.1 vs. -19.4%, p = 0.023); (3) greater LA anteroposterior diameter (40.3 vs. 36.9 mm, p = 0.003) and indexed left atrial volume (37.9 vs. 27.6 ml/m2, p < 0.001); and (4) impaired echocardiographic strain parameters corresponding with LA function. Conclusions: Acromegaly, even in young patients with good blood pressure control, may be associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and subclinical impairment of the left ventricular and left atrial mechanical function, which may be identified by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Further research in this area is necessary to clarify the prognostic value of these phenomena.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Jan 2020
Cumulative Live Birth Rate and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone-Antagonist Protocol and Multiple Minimal Ovarian Stimulation in Poor Responders.
The overall cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) of poor ovarian responders (POR) is extremely low. Minimal ovarian stimulation (MOS) provides a relatively realistic solution for ovarian stimulation in POR. Our study aimed to investigate whether multiple MOS strategies resulted in higher CLBR compared to conventional gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists in POR. ⋯ Both minimal ovarian stimulation (MOS) and GnRH-antagonists provide low chances of live birth in poor responders. The GnRH antagonist protocol is considered a suitable choice for PORs with comparable CLBR, shorter times to live birth, and similar financial expenditure compared to repeated MOS.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Jan 2019
ReviewThe Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide.
The discovery of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone with important effects on glycemic control and body weight regulation, led to efforts to extend its half-life and make it therapeutically effective in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The development of short- and then long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) followed. Our article charts the discovery and development of the long-acting GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and, subsequently, semaglutide. ⋯ In summary, rational design has led to the development of two long-acting GLP-1 analogs, liraglutide and semaglutide, that have made a vast contribution to the management of T2D in terms of improvements in glycemic control, body weight, blood pressure, lipids, beta-cell function, and CV outcomes. Furthermore, the development of an oral formulation for semaglutide may provide individuals with additional benefits in relation to treatment adherence. In addition to T2D, liraglutide is used in the treatment of obesity, while semaglutide is currently under investigation for use in obesity and NASH.
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Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Jan 2019
Integrative Analysis Toward Different Glucose Tolerance-Related Gut Microbiota and Diet.
Objective: There is evidence that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is affected by gut microbiota, and gut microbiota diversity modified by diet. To investigate its modifications in Uyghur patients with different glucose tolerance, we enrolled 561 subjects: newly diagnosed T2DM (n = 145), impaired glucose regulation (IGR) patients (n = 138) and in normal control (NC) population (n = 278). Methods: The nutrient intake in food frequency questionnaire was calculated by R language. ⋯ Conclusions: At the phylum and genus level, the structure and diversity of intestinal microbiota of T2DM and IGR was altered, the number of OTUs, the relative abundance, and diversity were all decreased. The gut microbiota of the newly diagnosed T2DM, IGR, and NC were related to age, blood lipids, BMI, blood pressure, and dietary nutrient intake. Unbalanced nutrient intake in the three groups may affect the structure and abundance of the gut microbiota, which may play a role in the occurrence and development of T2DM.