The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society
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Review Meta Analysis
Neurological examination of the peripheral nervous system to diagnose lumbar spinal disc herniation with suspected radiculopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Disc herniation is a common low back pain (LBP) disorder, and several clinical test procedures are routinely employed in its diagnosis. The neurological examination that assesses sensory neuron and motor responses has historically played a role in the differential diagnosis of disc herniation, particularly when radiculopathy is suspected; however, the diagnostic ability of this examination has not been explicitly investigated. ⋯ This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that neurological testing procedures have limited overall diagnostic accuracy in detecting disc herniation with suspected radiculopathy. Pooled diagnostic accuracy values of the tests were poor, whereby all tests demonstrated low sensitivity, moderate specificity, and limited diagnostic accuracy independent of the disc herniation reference standard or the specific level of herniation. The lack of a standardized classification criterion for disc herniation, the variable psychometric properties of the testing procedures, and the complex pathoetiology of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy are suggested as possible reasons for these findings.
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Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS), typically characterized by the forward slippage of the superior vertebra of a lumbar motion segment, is a common spinal pathological condition in elderly individuals. Significant deformation and volume changes of the spinal canal can occur because of the vertebral slippage, but few data have been reported on these anatomic variations in DS patients. Whether to restore normal anatomy, such as reduction of the slippage and restoration of disc height, is still not clear in surgery. ⋯ The volume of spinal canal is affected by multiple factors. Increased spinal canal volume at supine and flexion positions may explain the clinical observations of relief of symptoms at these postures in DS patients. The data also suggest that reduction of slipped vertebral body, decrease of DA, intervertebral distraction, and decompression could all be effective to increase the canal volume of DS patients thus to relieve clinical symptoms.
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Acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) has been observed in some patients after a minor trauma to the cervical spine. The discrepancy between the severity of the trauma and the clinical symptoms has been attributed to spinal canal stenosis. However, to date, there is no universally established radiological parameter for identifying critical spinal stenosis in these patients. The spinal canal-to-vertebral body ratio (Torg-Pavlov ratio) has been proposed for assessing developmental spinal canal stenosis. The relevance of the Torg-Pavlov ratio for predicting the occurrence and severity of acute cervical SCI after a minor trauma to the cervical spine has not yet been established. ⋯ Developmental cervical spinal canal stenosis assessed by the Torg-Pavlov ratio was characteristic for patients suffering from acute cervical SCI after a minor trauma to the cervical spine. Patients at risk of SCI after a minor trauma to the cervical spine can be identified by applying a Torg-Pavlov ratio cutoff value of 0.7. Other factors in addition to the spinal canal-to-vertebral body ratio affect the severity and course of symptoms as a result of cervical SCI.
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Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) after a minor trauma to the cervical spine has been reported in patients without preceding neurologic symptoms. Spinal canal stenosis may be the reason for the discrepancy between the severity of the injury and that of the trauma. The spinal canal to vertebral body ratio is often used to assess canal stenosis on conventional radiographs. However, the ratio does not appraise soft-tissue stenosis and canal narrowing at the level of the intervertebral disc. Parameters measured on magnetic resonance (MR) images may thus be more meaningful. The relevance of MR image parameters for predicting the risk and severity of acute SCI in patients after a minor trauma to the cervical spine has not yet been established. ⋯ Patients at risk of acute SCI after a minor trauma to the cervical spine can be identified by applying a disc-level canal diameter cutoff value (measured on MR images) of 8 mm. Additional factors to the radiological characteristics of the spinal canal affect the severity of acute SCI after a minor trauma to the cervical spine.
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Recent years have witnessed a shift in the assessment of spine surgical outcomes with a greater focus on the patient's perspective. However, this approach has not been widely extended to the assessment of complications. ⋯ Most complications reported by the patient are perceived to be at least moderately bothersome and are, hence, not inconsequential. Surgeons reported lower complication rates than the patients did, and there was only moderate agreement between the ratings of the two. As with treatment outcome, complications and their severity should be assessed from both the patient's and the surgeon's perspectives.