The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society
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An annular tear extending to the outer one-third of the annulus is thought to be one of the causes of low back pain. However, some patients have bilateral low back symptoms, even if the annular tear is localized in the lateral disc. Because nociceptive information from the lateral disc is transmitted by the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the lateral disc, we investigated the distribution of the DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc. ⋯ Results of this study indicate that DRG neurons innervating the lateral portion of the disc are distributed mainly in the ipsilateral side but also in the contralateral side. The DRG neurons in T13, L1 and L2 innervate the lateral portion of the L5-L6 disc through the paravertebral sympathetic trunks.
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Coccydynia is a painful condition of the terminal portion of the spine often resulting from direct trauma, childbirth or unknown etiology. This is a relatively rare condition with no universally accepted treatment protocol. ⋯ Patients with coccydynia should be managed conservatively when possible. Treatment should include NSAIDs and local steroid injections. Patients will often require repeat injections over time. Surgery can offer reasonable results for patients failing conservative treatment, but they should be warned of the high rate of infection.
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The incidence of violent crimes has risen over the past decade. With it, gunshot injuries have become increasingly more common in the civilian population. Among the most devastating injuries are gunshot wounds to the spine. ⋯ Treatment of gunshot spine fractures differs from other mechanisms. Fractures are usually inherently stable and rarely require stabilization. In neurologically intact patients, there are few indications for surgery. Evidence of acute lead intoxication, an intracanal copper bullet or new onset neurologic deficit can justify operative decompression and/or bullet removal. Overzealous laminectomy can destabilize the spine and lead to late postoperative deformity. For complete and incomplete neural deficits at the cervical and thoracic levels, operative decompression is of little benefit and can lead to higher complication rates than nonsurgically managed patients. With gunshots to the T12 to L5 levels, better motor recovery has been reported after intracanal bullet removal versus nonoperative treatment. The use of steroids for gunshot paralysis has not improved the neurologic outcome and has resulted in a greater frequency of nonspinal complications. Although numerous recommendations exist, 7 to 14 days of broad-spectrum antibiosis has lead to the lowest rates of infection after transcolonic gunshots to the spine.
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Comparative Study
Smoking status and psychosocioeconomic outcomes of functional restoration in patients with chronic spinal disability.
Studies have revealed smoking to have a negative impact on spinal surgery. It is assumed that this is the result of the negative impact of nicotine on revascularization of damaged tissue. However, there is a paucity of research on the role of smoking with regard to nonsurgical rehabilitation, but there exists a clear bias for believing that smoking is strongly associated with poor socioeconomic and psychosocial outcome. ⋯ Contrary to popular belief, CDWRSD patients who smoke do not differ significantly in socioeconomic or psychosocial outcomes relative to those who do not. Although this study does indicate that those who smoke more evidence lower rehabilitation completion rates, those who completed the program had identical 1-year posttreatment outcomes of socioeconomic importance except in retraining work at year end as those who did not smoke. Smokers had slightly higher posttreatment self-reported pain and disability ratings mixed and limited. Overall, there is evidence for the widely held belief that smoking negatively affects tertiary rehabilitation.