Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain
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Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common degenerative disease that causes low back and lower-extremity pain that increases with age. The treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis is either conservative or surgical. ESI is a commonly performed conservative treatment, but evidence of its effectiveness in lumbar spinal stenosis is limited. ⋯ Trimacinolone acetonide injection into the ligamentum flavum may be effective for lumbar spinal stenosis that does not improve with ESIs.
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Pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) is the most used scale to measure pain catastrophizing. In breast cancer survivors (BCS), pain catastrophizing is related to upper-limbs dysfunction and disability. This study aimed to assess the internal consistency, internal structure, and convergent validity of the Spanish version of the PCS in Spanish BCS. ⋯ Pain catastrophizing scale is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate pain catastrophizing in Spanish BCS. This tool may help clinicians in the management of pain by assessing pain and by measuring the effect of interventions.
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Letter Case Reports
Rare Presentation of a Rare Disease Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica.