Articles: analgesia.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · Sep 2023
Review[Non-pharmacological Management of Postoperative Delirium].
Postoperative delirium is common especially in the elderly and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Non-pharmacological multicomponent interventions are effective in reducing the incidence and to a degree the duration of postoperative delirium and are recommended in international guidelines on postoperative delirium as first line intervention for management of delirium. ⋯ Bundles comprise strategies for oxygenation, mobilization, hydration and nutrition, sensory and cognitive stimulation, reorientation, modifications of environmental factors such as design aspects and noise reduction, adequate analgesia, management of agitation and anxiety, protecting circadian rhythms for example by adequate light exposure during daytime, family involvement and timely reduction of unnecessary catheters and anticholinergic drugs. The article aims at providing an overview of non-pharmacological management of postoperative delirium in the hospital.
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Case Reports
A Case Report of Venezuelan Suntiger Tarantula (Psalmopoeus Irminia) Envenomation and Review of Tarantula Exposures.
Tarantula envenomations are encountered infrequently but may increase with increased exotic animal ownership. This case report presents the first documented toxicity from a Venezuelan suntiger tarantula (VST), Psalmopoeus irminia, and provides a general framework for approaching patients with tarantula exposures. ⋯ A 35-year-old man presented to an emergency department 4 h after experiencing a bite from his pet VST. He developed erythema, pain, and edema to the bite site on the left thenar eminence that extended proximally. Within 4 h, he developed abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, throat itching, and tightness. The patient had a blood pressure of 131/105 mm Hg, heart rate of 102 beats/min, 36.6°C, respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, and SpO2 of 94%. Laboratory evaluations were within normal limits (other than chronically elevated but improved transaminases). The patient received 0.5 mg epinephrine intramuscularly, 50 mg diphenhydramine IV, 20 mg famotidine IV, 0.4 mg ondansetron IV, and 1 L of normal saline for a suspected anaphylactic reaction. Shortly after epinephrine administration, his gastrointestinal and upper airway symptoms resolved. All symptoms resolved within 1 week. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Little is known about VST toxicity. Therefore, providers should rely on a general framework for approaching patients with tarantula exposures. Morbidity from tarantula exposures is mediated by mechanical injury, venom effects, and hypersensitivity reactions. Typical clinical findings include local pain, pruritis, edema, erythema, and burning. Muscle cramping, ophthalmia nodosa, and hypersensitivity reactions may occur. Treatment is primarily supportive and includes decontamination, cool compresses, analgesia, treatment of anaphylaxis, and ophthalmology evaluation if ocular exposure.
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Optimal intrathecal dosing regimens for hydromorphone are not well established for analgesia after abdominal surgery. ⋯ Drug-related side effects, opioid analgesics, outcome assessment, postoperative pain, spinal injections.