Articles: analgesia.
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Clinical nursing research · Feb 1992
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialPatient-controlled analgesia for older adults.
Use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was compared with nurse-administered intermittent intramuscular (IM) injections of morphine in older adults during their postoperative recovery. Data analyses indicated that the PCA and IM groups did not differ in pain intensity, pain distress, and satisfaction. The PCA group had significantly less sleep disturbance from pain than the IM group. Neither group was considered to have acceptable pain management.
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The most frequently used postoperative analgesia techniques are intramuscular injection (IM) and patient controlled analgesia (PCA). Recently, the use of epidural catheter injection (EPI) has been done with success. This study was done to prospectively compare these three techniques for postoperative analgesia after extensive operations upon the colon and rectum. ⋯ The EPI group required significantly less daily narcotic compared with either the IM or PCA groups (17.0 +/- 6.12 milligrams; 67.8 +/- 26.8 milligrams; 40.5 +/- 20.6 milligrams, respectively, less than 0.05 ANOVA) and total narcotic (81.3 +/- 31.3 milligrams; 355.4 +/- 147.7 milligrams; 215.3 +/- 105.4 milligrams, respectively, p less than 0.05 ANOVA). EPI achieves excellent pain control in more patients with a significantly lower dose of narcotics and significantly fewer pulmonary complications. Therefore, epidural analgesia is the optimal method of postoperative analgesia after extensive abdominal operations.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Intravenous diclofenac coupled with PCA fentanyl for pain relief after total hip replacement.
Postoperative pain relief immediately after major surgery cannot be achieved with opioids alone in all patients without respiratory depression or other significant side effects. This investigation was conducted to determine whether the need for opioids and the incidence of side effects can be reduced while maintaining the quality of pain relief using a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug as an adjuvant to an opioid. The analgesic efficacy and safety of patient-controlled analgesia using fentanyl with and without intravenous diclofenac were compared after total hip replacement. ⋯ The diclofenac group showed a significant reduction in the amount of fentanyl administered during the first 16 h postoperatively as compared to the placebo group (0.65 mg +/- 0.2 vs. 1.08 mg +/- 0.4 respectively, P less than 0.01), and also reported less pain at 16 h (median score on visual analogue scale 0.75 vs. 2.4 respectively, P less than 0.05)). There were no differences in side effects, postoperative blood loss, plasma activated partial thromboplastin time, or Ivy bleeding time between the groups. In conclusion, the addition of diclofenac led to a reduction in fentanyl requirement but did not have any other significant advantages in the treatment of pain following major orthopedic surgery.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Epidural clonidine after cesarean section. Appropriate dose and effect of prior local anesthetic.
Epidurally administered clonidine represents a new approach to postcesarean section pain therapy, yet the appropriate bolus dose and infusion to provide effective pain relief have not been defined. In addition, whether 2-chloroprocaine, a commonly used local anesthetic for intraoperative anesthesia, interferes with clonidine's analgesia, as it does with that of opioids, has not been examined. In this study, using a randomized, blinded design, 63 women received either bupivacaine or 2-chloroprocaine for epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and then received, upon request for analgesia in the recovery room, epidural clonidine 400 micrograms or 800 micrograms bolus, each followed by a 24-h infusion of 40 micrograms/h, or an equivalent volume bolus and infusion of saline. ⋯ Clonidine did not alter resolution of residual local anesthetic sensory blockade, as measured by 2- or 4-segment regression following either local anesthetic, but did prolong duration of motor blockade in women receiving bupivacaine. Clonidine produced small decreases in heart rate and blood pressure. One patient received iv fluids for hypotension; one had asymptomatic bradycardia resolving without therapy; and one had mild hypoxemia with snoring during clonidine-induced sedation, responding to supplemental oxygen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Feb 1992
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialEpidural patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section: buprenorphine-0.015% bupivacaine with epinephrine versus fentanyl-0.015% bupivacaine with and without epinephrine.
We compared the analgesia, side effects, and plasma concentrations of buprenorphine and fentanyl in a double-blind study of 78 parturients receiving one of these drugs by patient-controlled epidural infusion after elective cesarean section with epidural anesthesia. Patients were randomized to three epidural infusion groups: group 1 (n = 26), 3 micrograms/mL buprenorphine with 0.015% bupivacaine and 1 microgram/mL epinephrine; group 2 (n = 26), 3 micrograms/mL fentanyl with 0.015% bupivacaine and 1 microgram/mL epinephrine; and group 3 (n = 26), 3 micrograms/mL fentanyl with 0.015% bupivacaine. Plasma for determination of opioid concentrations was obtained in some subjects in each group at intervals up to 48 h during the infusion and in some subjects from each group at intervals after the infusion was stopped. ⋯ Mean opioid plasma concentrations did not exceed 1.5 ng/mL. Thus, epidural patient-controlled analgesia in all three groups provided excellent analgesia, permitted ambulation, and was without serious side effects. Epidural buprenorphine offered no advantages over epidural fentanyl.