Articles: disease.
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Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. · Dec 2013
ReviewConnecting the dots: applications of network medicine in pharmacology and disease.
In 2011, >2.5 million people died from only 15 causes in the United States. Ten of these involved complex or infectious diseases for which there is insufficient knowledge or treatment, such as heart disease, influenza, and Alzheimer's disease.(1) Complex diseases have been difficult to understand due to their multifarious genetic and molecular fingerprints, while certain infectious agents have evolved to elude treatment and prophylaxis. ⋯ The resulting "big picture" allows for the development of computational and mathematical methods to identify novel disease pathways and predict patient drug response, among others. In this review, we discuss recent advances in network medicine.
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Two parallel trends are occurring in drug discovery. The first is that we are moving away from a symptom-based disease classification system to a system based on molecules and molecular states. The second is that we are shifting from targeting a single molecule toward targeting multiple molecules, pathways, or networks. Network medicine is an approach to understanding disease and discovering therapeutics looking at many molecules and how they interrelate, and it may play a critical role in the adoption of both trends.
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Biotechnology advances · Dec 2013
ReviewAn overview of the diverse roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the pathophysiology of various human diseases.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate diverse cellular responses to the majority of neurotransmitters and hormones within the human body. They exhibit much structural and functional diversity, and are responsive to a plethora of endogenous (biogenic amines, cations, lipids, peptides, and glycoproteins) and exogenous (therapeutic drugs, photons, tastants, and odorants) ligands and stimuli. ⋯ The pace of discovery of new GPCR-based drugs has recently accelerated due to rapid advancements in high-resolution structure determination, high-throughput screening technology and in silico computational modeling of GPCR binding interaction with potential drug molecules. This review aims to provide an overview of the diverse roles of GPCRs in the pathophysiology of various diseases that are the major focus of biopharmaceutical research as potential drug targets.
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Assessment and management of symptoms is a main task in primary care. Symptoms may be defined as 'any subjective evidence of a health problem as perceived by the patient'. In other words, symptoms do not appear as such; symptoms are rather the result of an interpretation process. We aim to discuss different perspectives on symptom interpretation as presented in the disciplines of biomedicine, psychology and anthropology and the possible implications for our understanding of research on symptoms in relation to prevalence and diagnosis in the general population and in primary care. ⋯ The different approaches to symptom interpretation imply that we need to be cautious and conscious when interpreting survey findings that are based on symptom prevalence in the general population or in primary care. These findings will reflect a variety of interpretations of sensations, which are not equivalent to expressions of underlying disease. Furthermore, if diagnosis of disease is based exclusively on the presence of specific symptom characteristics, we may risk reinforcing a dualistic approach, including medicalisation of normal phenomena and devaluation of medically unexplained symptoms. Future research in primary care could gain from exploring symptoms as a generic phenomenon and raised awareness of symptom complexity.
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Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (ECOPD) are a major problem worldwide and usually a leading cause for hospitalizations and in some cases, indication for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). ⋯ Most of the hospitalized patients with COPD exacerbation (60%) were discharged within five days, 20% needed IMV and stayed in hospital more than ten days.