Articles: disease.
-
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
A controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
Nonoxynol 9 is a proved spermicide, but whether it is also a microbicide is uncertain. A truly effective vaginal microbicide would reduce the susceptibility of women to sexually transmitted diseases, including infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ⋯ The use of a nonoxynol 9 vaginal film did not reduce the rate of new HIV, gonorrhea, or chlamydia infection in this group of sex workers who used condoms and received treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.
-
Br J Obstet Gynaecol · Aug 1998
ReviewThe association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.
To investigate the association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome by a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. ⋯ The findings of this review have implications for women infected with HIV who are planning a pregnancy or who find themselves pregnant. There appears to be an association, although not strong, between maternal HIV infection and an adverse perinatal outcome. This relationship may be due to bias including uncontrolled or residual confounding. There does, however, appear to be a real and large increase in the risk of infant death in developing countries associated with maternal HIV infection, especially so when there has been an attempt to control for confounding.
-
South Sudan has five million inhabitants and has been fighting a war of independence with North Sudan since 1959. The hostilities have totally disrupted society and the country is the most inaccessible of Africa. ⋯ Semi-nomadic pastoral tribes populate South Sudan. Doctors Without Borders assisted in fighting a major epidemic of kala azar in the late eighties which cost some 200,000 lives; the organization still provides medical aid in the country.
-
Br J Obstet Gynaecol · Aug 1998
Meta AnalysisThe effect of pregnancy on survival in women infected with HIV: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.
To investigate the effect of pregnancy on disease progression and survival in women infected with HIV by a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. ⋯ The findings of this review have implications for women infected with HIV who are pregnant or are considering a pregnancy. There does appear to be an association between adverse maternal outcomes and pregnancy in women infected with HIV, although this association is not strong. The relation may be due to the result of bias including residual confounding. Further large scale observational studies with long term follow up are required before this issue can be fully resolved.
-
The objective of this study is to estimate the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage produced by oral contraceptive use. ⋯ This meta-analysis of observational studies suggests that oral contraceptive use produces a small increase in the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage.