Articles: disease.
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A cohort of 3110 women anticipating delivery were interviewed after their first prenatal visit at private obstetric practices and HMOs in Connecticut. In all 19.57% reported a prior induced abortion. The research participants were followed to determine whether the pregnancy was miscarried or delivered. ⋯ The association of a prior induced abortion on risk for late miscarriage was analyzed by pregnancy history. Women who aborted their first pregnancy had no increased risk (RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.16, 1.92) of miscarriage compared with women pregnant for the first time, or compared with women experiencing their second pregnancy after delivering the first (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.18, 2.60). No evidence was found for an increased risk of multiple induced abortion on subsequent miscarriage.
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The total costs of illness and injury in the U. S. civilian noninstitutionalized population in 1980 amounted to $381.7 billion. The direct costs of illness and injury--resource expenditures for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical and dental conditions--were $153.9 billion, or 40.3 percent of total costs. ⋯ However, this youngest age category, which constitutes over one-fourth of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, generates only 12.3 percent of direct costs. In contrast, indirect costs account for well more than 60 percent of total costs for the working-age population (17-64 years of age). Within the working-age population, per capita direct costs are highest among persons who are not full participants in the work force, many of whom are not working full time or at all because of injury or ill health.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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The aforementioned social trends affecting women, including women in poverty, women in the labor force, and elderly women, are all ultimately related to problems of access to health care. In almost every age group, women use more health and medical services. Women are hospitalized more often, although their stays in hospitals tend to be shorter. ⋯ As the field of women's health expands and receives more emphasis, the data reflecting the experiences of large groups of women will have to be collected and analyzed ever more carefully. Information collected should include physiologic, psychosocial, and economic factors that together affect the health status of women. These data may then be used to guide health policy decision making, as well as provide a basis for health promotion and disease prevention interventions with individual clients.