Articles: patients.
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Sedation and analgesia are important means of providing care for the critically ill patient. ⋯ Sedation and analgesia are now regarded as an integral part of treatment on the intensive care unit instead of being an unpleasant but necessary and minor issue. The importance of monitoring the level of sedation and analgesia has only recently been realized. It remains to be shown that new management strategies including an evaluation of the patient, planned interventions and the choice of drugs will further improve the care for the critically ill.
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To summarize new advances and research findings that relate to the treatment of burn victims. ⋯ The combination of innovative approaches and a dedicated burn team is expected to continue to improve survival in the next few years even in the most severe cases.
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Postoperative pulmonary complications, including pneumonia, bronchospasm, respiratory failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation, occur commonly and are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the etiology of postoperative pulmonary complications and the interventions that reduce their risk. ⋯ Understanding risk factors for the development of postoperative pulmonary complications allows targeted interventions aimed at reducing their frequency and severity. Further research is needed to define the role of regional analgesic and anesthetic techniques in reducing postoperative pulmonary complications, and also to define the nature of risk factors and develop better predictive models of patients at risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications.
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Ensuring quality in prehospital airway management is challenging because the out-of-hospital setting is a fast-paced and unpredictable environment. The first step in meeting this challenge is the recognition by emergency medical service leaders that prehospital airway management is prone to error. Quality core values such as safety, effectiveness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity for prehospital airway management, specifically endotracheal intubation, will be discussed. ⋯ Emergency medical service administrators must critically evaluate the quality of prehospital airway management that they are providing to patients within their system by collecting the data necessary to identify quality issues and developing strategies to implement change. Research into other techniques that can provide ventilation and oxygenation to patients in the prehospital environment and that are safe and effective, such as laryngeal mask airway, need to be performed.
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To summarize current knowledge on pathophysiology and treatment of drowning accidents. Studies and case reports were searched using the keywords drowning, near-drowning, asphyxia, hypoxia and hypothermia in conjunction with organ systems and specific treatment options. ⋯ Several case studies have convincingly demonstrated that drowning victims may survive neurologically intact even after prolonged submersion times, in particular in cold water. Therefore, aggressive initial therapeutic efforts are indicated in most near-drowning victims.