Articles: patients.
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Real patients are generally recruited to participate in assessment of medical students all over the world in their clinical examinations. In the past, such voluntary patients were taken for granted. However, this is no longer true nowadays. ⋯ Printed information given during recruitment, and briefing sessions conducted immediately prior to the examination are recommended to improve patients' satisfaction.
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Using medical literature citations, Congressional hearings, and declassified documents this paper examines the uses of pharmaceuticals in the interrogation of vulnerable populations. From the use of IV relaxants on criminal suspects during the 1920s to the Global War on Terror, the nexus of drugs, testing, and interrogations will be explored in both the domestic and international contexts.
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Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes · Jan 2010
[Patient-reported clinical trial endpoints--the current state of affairs in research and practice].
Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly considered as endpoints for clinical studies. Instruments for measuring patient-reported outcomes range from simple assessments of discrete symptoms or signs to complex measures addressing multidimensional constructs such as health-related quality of life. While generic measures are designed to be applicable across a wide range of clinical conditions, disease- or population-specific instruments address health problems which are relevant for a particular disease or target group. ⋯ As predictors and mediators of clinical outcomes they may contribute to the understanding of how patients benefit from treatment. They are included as primary endpoints when treatment effects comprise subjective phenomena such as pain, fatigue or psychological well-being. Current research activities in the field of patient-reported outcomes include the development of new (disease-specific) instruments, head-to-head comparisons of psychometric properties of measures, analysis of the context-dependence of results, and application of patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice.