Articles: child.
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A recent survey has revealed a large number of young children in institutional care across Europe. Young children placed in institutional care without parents may be at risk of harm. This review considers systematically the research evidence on the impact of institutional care on brain growth, attachment, social behavior, and cognitive development. ⋯ The findings suggest that the lack of a one-to-one relationship with a primary caregiver is a major cause of harm to children in residential care. Evidence indicates that infants who are placed in institutional care will suffer harm to their development if they are not moved to family-based care by the age of 6 months. The neglect and damage caused by early privation and deprivation is equivalent to violence and policy makers should work to ensure that every child has the opportunity to grow up in a family environment.
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Critical illness of a child affects all members of the family, including well brothers and sisters. Stress in their lives results from changes in parental behaviors, caregiving arrangements, and family relationships. ⋯ Educating pediatric ICU nurses about the needs and reactions of well siblings enables them to optimize support to siblings and educate parents. A sibling policy guarantees that choice and support are offered in a consistent and thorough manner to each critically ill child's family; this helps to ensure that the family unit has the abilities to nurture the ill child and other well children.
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Anesthesiol Clin North America · Dec 2005
ReviewPreoperative psychological preparation of the child for surgery: an update.
Preoperative anxiety is associated with a number of poor postoperative outcomes and with significant parental and child distress before surgery. Preparing children for surgery can prevent many behavioral and physiologic manifestations of anxiety. Psychologic and behavioral interventions and pharmacologic interventions are available to treat preoperative anxiety in children. This article discusses the psychologic preparation of children for surgery.
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Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am · Dec 2005
ReviewDeath in the pediatric ICU: caring for children and families at the end of life.
The need to improve care for children and families at the end of life is acknowledged widely. This article reviews current research concerning end-of-life care in the pediatric ICU. How children die, how decisions are made, management of the dying process, and parent and caregiver experiences are major themes. Gaps in current knowledge are identified, and suggestions are made for future research.
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Pediatric hospitalists should make pain assessment and treatment a high priority and a central part of their daily practice. Efforts at improving pain treatment in pediatric hospitals should be multidisciplinary and should involve combined use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. Although available information can permit effective treatment of pain for most children in hospitals, there is a need for more research on pediatric analgesic pharmacology, various nonpharmacologic treatments, and different models of delivery of care.