Articles: low-back-pain.
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Review Comparative Study
Fear of movement/(re)injury, avoidance and pain disability in chronic low back pain patients.
Chronic pain syndromes such as chronic low back pain are responsible for enormous costs for health care and society. For these conditions a pure biomedical approach often proves insufficient. ⋯ The main assumption is that pain and pain disability are not only influenced by organic pathology, if found, but also by psychological and social factors. In this contribution, a behavioural analysis of chronic musculoskeletal pain will be discussed, with special attention to the role of pain-related fear in the development and maintenance of chronic pain disability, and the behavioural rehabilitation perspective of chronic pain management.
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The prevalence of low back pain in the older population (> = or 65 years) was reviewed in an analysis of the literature from 1966 to the present. ⋯ There is an under-representation of the older population in the back pain literature. The data in the current study suggest that the prevalence of low back pain in this population is not known with certainty and is not comparable with that in the younger population. The authors stress the need for future studies to improve the reporting of age information to make prevalence studies more informative and applicable.
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A systematic review of the epidemiologic literature on smoking and low back pain. ⋯ Presently, smoking should be considered a weak risk indicator and not a cause of low back pain.