Articles: human.
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In addition to their major influence on human behavior, opium and opioids have been used for a long time as sedative and analgesic drugs. As from the 19th century, with the isolation of opium alkaloids and easy parenteral administration of these substances, there has been increased interest in the judicious medical use of opioids and in the analysis of social consequences of their abuse, which has justified a historical review of opium and opioids. ⋯ In the dawning of the third millennium, regardless of studies with analgesic drugs of different pharmacological groups, opioids are still the most potent analgesics, although their efficacy has been questioned for some types of pain. Current Clinical Pharmacology knowledge allows for the selection of the opioid based on patient's disease and conditions, in the search for the best cost-benefit ratio.
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Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc · Jan 2005
The Establishment of the Mathematical Model of the 2ndDegree Burn Injury of Human Tissues and Its Application.
A quantitative analysis of the 2nddegree burn injury of human tissues and the relevant mathematical model are presented in this paper. Unlike the general criterion extensively adopted by doctors that pay much attention to the degrees of the skin burn damage such as the area, depth and color of the damaged skins, the paper emphasizes the cause-and-effect of the 2nddegree burn injury of the human tissues. ⋯ The comparisons of the theoretical study with the experimental data have been made and the results are quite satisfactory. The application of the mathematical model in the test of thermal protective performance of fire protection clothing is also presented.
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Environmental teratogenic factors (e.g. alcohol) are preventable. We focus our analysis on human teratogenic drugs which are not used frequently during pregnancy. The previous human teratogenic studies had serious methodological problems, e.g. the first trimester concept is outdated because environmental teratogens cannot induce congenital abnormalities in the first month of gestation. ⋯ These biases explain that the teratogenic risk of drugs is exaggerated, while the benefit of medicine use during pregnancy is underestimated. Thus, a better balance is needed between the risk and benefit of drug treatments during pregnancy. Of course, we have to do our best to reduce the risk of teratogenic drugs as much as possible, however, it is worth stressing the preventive effect of drugs for maternal diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus and hyperthermia) related congenital abnormalities.
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Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc · Jan 2005
Capacity of brain cooling via ventilating oxygen at low temperature over respiratory tract.
Cerebral hypothermia is a rather useful way to improve outcome after brain injury. In this paper, the capacity of cooling oxygen ventilation (COV) during cerebral circulation arrest was theoretically evaluated. ⋯ However, its capacity on lowering the deep brain temperature is very limited. Therefore more powerful cooling strategies should be investigated to realize an efficient cooling on the target cerebral tissue.
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Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc · Jan 2005
Modelling for computer controlled neuromuscular blockade.
In this paper we present data collection and methods for the selection of a model class with the goal of automated neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Neuromuscular response was measured in the presence of rocuronium in rabbits (N=5) and humans (N=14). An average response was formed and used to determine optimal ARX and Laguerre representations for a wide range of orders and parameters. ⋯ The range of static gain was 121 and 159% of the mean for the rabbit and human datasets. Frequency domain analysis showed differences in gain of 12 and 15dB, and phase of 45 and 75° for the rabbit and human models respectively. With this knowledge, design and development of appropriate controllers for NMB will proceed.