Articles: pain-measurement.
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A cross-sectional study. ⋯ 3.
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J. Perianesth. Nurs. · Aug 2017
A Turkish Version of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool: Reliability and Validity Assessment.
The study aim was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in critically ill patients. ⋯ The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool was determined to be acceptable for pain assessment in critical care, especially for patients who cannot communicate verbally.
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Lateral hypothalamus (LH) involves in modulation of tonic pain. Regarding the direct and indirect neural connections between the LH and nucleus accumbens (NAc), we aimed to examine the pain modulatory role of NAc dopamine receptors in modulation of LH-induced analgesia in the formalin test. ⋯ Blockade of accumbal dopamine receptors attenuated analgesia induced by carbachol injection into the lateral hypothalamus during both phases of formalin test. Effect of blockade of D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors on reduction in antinociception was more during the late phase. Contribution of D2-like dopamine receptors to mediation of antinociception during the late phase was greater than the early phase.
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Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) emerged as a direct clinical spin-off from the Gate Control Theory from 1965. Over the last decade, several new modes of SCS have appeared. This review discusses these novel techniques and their hypothetical mechanisms of action. ⋯ The present SCS therapies have developed beyond the Gate Control Concept. New hypotheses about mechanisms of action are presented and some improved results are discussed.